全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1077篇 |
免费 | 78篇 |
专业分类
1155篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 1篇 |
2023年 | 8篇 |
2022年 | 14篇 |
2021年 | 30篇 |
2020年 | 19篇 |
2019年 | 26篇 |
2018年 | 26篇 |
2017年 | 19篇 |
2016年 | 38篇 |
2015年 | 65篇 |
2014年 | 68篇 |
2013年 | 97篇 |
2012年 | 109篇 |
2011年 | 106篇 |
2010年 | 59篇 |
2009年 | 69篇 |
2008年 | 70篇 |
2007年 | 65篇 |
2006年 | 57篇 |
2005年 | 43篇 |
2004年 | 48篇 |
2003年 | 28篇 |
2002年 | 29篇 |
2001年 | 7篇 |
2000年 | 4篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1996年 | 5篇 |
1995年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1934年 | 1篇 |
1933年 | 1篇 |
1926年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1155条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
DongFeng Yan Nicholas J. C. Gellie Jacob G. Mills Gemma Connell Andrew Bissett Andrew J. Lowe Martin F. Breed 《Restoration Ecology》2020,28(1):63-72
Large‐scale restoration efforts are underway globally to mitigate the impact of decades of land degradation by returning functional and biodiverse ecosystems. Revegetation is a heavily relied upon restoration intervention, and one that is expected to result in associated biodiversity returns. However, the outcome of such restoration interventions rarely considers recovery to the soil microbiome, a mega‐diverse and functionally important ecosystem component. Here we examine the archaeal component of the soil microbiome and track community change after a decade of eucalypt woodland restoration in southern Australia. We employed DNA metabarcoding to show that archaeal community composition, richness, and diversity shifted significantly, and towards a restored state 10 years after the restoration intervention. Changes in soil pH and nitrate associated with changes to the archaeal community, potentially relating to the pH responsive properties and close relationship with the nitrogen cycle of some archaea. Our study helps shed light on archaeal community dynamics, as no other study has used DNA metabarcoding to study archaeal responses across a restoration chronosequence. Our results provide great promise for the development of molecular monitoring of the soil microbiome as a future restoration monitoring tool. 相似文献
52.
Gemma G. R. Murray Andrew J. Balmer Josephine Herbert Nazreen F. Hadjirin Caroline L. Kemp Marta Matuszewska Sebastian Bruchmann A. S. Md. Mukarram Hossain Marcelo Gottschalk Alexander W. Tucker Eric Miller Lucy A. Weinert 《PLoS genetics》2021,17(11)
Mutation rates vary both within and between bacterial species, and understanding what drives this variation is essential for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of bacterial populations. In this study, we investigate two factors that are predicted to influence the mutation rate: ecology and genome size. We conducted mutation accumulation experiments on eight strains of the emerging zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis. Natural variation within this species allows us to compare tonsil carriage and invasive disease isolates, from both more and less pathogenic populations, with a wide range of genome sizes. We find that invasive disease isolates have repeatedly evolved mutation rates that are higher than those of closely related carriage isolates, regardless of variation in genome size. Independent of this variation in overall rate, we also observe a stronger bias towards G/C to A/T mutations in isolates from more pathogenic populations, whose genomes tend to be smaller and more AT-rich. Our results suggest that ecology is a stronger correlate of mutation rate than genome size over these timescales, and that transitions to invasive disease are consistently accompanied by rapid increases in mutation rate. These results shed light on the impact that ecology can have on the adaptive potential of bacterial pathogens. 相似文献
53.
John G Hodgson Gabriel Montserrat Marti Bozena er Glynis Jones Amy Bogaard Mike Charles Xavier Font Mohammed Ater Abdelkader Taleb Bianca A Santini Younes Hmimsa Carol Palmer Peter J Wilson Stuart R Band Amy Styring Charlotte Diffey Laura Green Erika Nitsch Elizabeth Stroud Gemma Warham 《Annals of botany》2020,126(7):1109
Background and AimsPlants depend fundamentally on establishment from seed. However, protocols in trait-based ecology currently estimate seed size but not seed number. This can be rectified. For annuals, seed number should simply be a positive function of vegetative biomass and a negative function of seed size.MethodsUsing published values of comparative seed number as the ‘gold standard’ and a large functional database, comparative seed yield and number per plant and per m2 were predicted by multiple regression. Subsequently, ecological variation in each was explored for English and Spanish habitats, newly calculated C-S-R strategies and changed abundance in the British flora.Key ResultsAs predicted, comparative seed mass yield per plant was consistently a positive function of plant size and competitive ability, and largely independent of seed size. Regressions estimating comparative seed number included, additionally, seed size as a negative function. Relationships differed numerically between regions, habitats and C-S-R strategies. Moreover, some species differed in life history over their geographical range. Comparative seed yield per m2 was positively correlated with FAO crop yield, and increasing British annuals produced numerous seeds. Nevertheless, predicted values must be viewed as comparative rather than absolute: they varied according to the ‘gold standard’ predictor used. Moreover, regressions estimating comparative seed yield per m2 achieved low precision.ConclusionsFor the first time, estimates of comparative seed yield and number for >800 annuals and their predictor equations have been produced and the ecological importance of these regenerative traits has been illustrated. ‘Regenerative trait-based ecology’ remains in its infancy, with work needed on determinate vs. indeterminate flowering (‘bet-hedging’), C-S-R methodologies, phylogeny, comparative seed yield per m2 and changing life history. Nevertheless, this has been a positive start and readers are invited to use estimates for >800 annuals, in the Supplementary data, to help advance ‘regenerative trait-based ecology’ to the next level. 相似文献
54.
Molecular characterization of a fourth isoform of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A from Arabidopsis thaliana 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Antonio Casamayor Encarna Pérez-Callejón Gemma Pujol Joaquín Ariño Albert Ferrer 《Plant molecular biology》1994,26(1):523-528
We have recently reported the existence of multiple isoforms of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in Arabidopsis thaliana and the molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding three of these proteins (PP2A-1, PP2A-2, PP2A-3). The reported cDNA encoding PP2A-3 was truncated at the 5 terminus, lacking a short fragment of the N-terminal coding sequence. We have now isolated a near full-length cDNA encoding the entire PP2A-3 protein (313 residues). The clone includes 188 nucleotides of 5-untranslated region, where a 44 bp long poly(GA) track is found. We also describe the cloning of a cDNA encoding a fourth isoform of PP2A (PP2A-4). The polypeptide contains 313 residues being 98% identical to PP2A-3 and only 80% identical to both PP2A-1 and PP2A-2. The mRNA for PP2A-4 is 1.4 kb in length and, although predominantly expressed in roots, it is also found in other organs. It is concluded that in A. thaliana the isoforms of PP2A can be grouped in two extremely conserved subfamilies. 相似文献
55.
The ability of several Bacillus thuringiensis strains to colonize plant surfaces was assessed and compared with that of more common epiphytic bacteria. While all B. thuringiensis strains multiplied to some extent after inoculation on bean plants, their maximum epiphytic population sizes of 106 cfu/g of leaf were always much less than that achieved by other resident epiphytic bacteria or an epiphytically fit Pseudomonas fluorescens strain, which attained population sizes of about 107 cfu/g of leaf. However B. thuringiensis strains exhibited much less decline in culturable populations upon imposition of desiccation stress than did other resident
bacteria or an inoculated P. fluorescens strain, and most cells were in a spore form soon after inoculation onto plants. B. thuringiensis strains produced commercially for insect control were not less epiphytically fit than strains recently isolated from leaf
surfaces. The growth of B. thuringiensis was not affected by the presence of Pseudomonas syringae when co-inoculated, and vice versa. B. thuringiensis strains harboring a green fluorescent protein marker gene did not form large cell aggregates, were not associated with other
epiphytic bacteria, and were not found associated with leaf structures, such as stomata, trichomes, or veins when directly
observed on bean leaves by epifluorescent microscopy. Thus, B. thuringiensis appears unable to grow extensively on leaves and its common isolation from plants may reflect immigration from more abundant
reservoirs elsewhere. 相似文献
56.
M.-Pilar Marco Gemma Fabris Germn Lzaro Francisco Camps 《Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology》1996,31(2):157-167
Selected tissues presumably involved in the control of sex pheromone production were analyzed by ELISA for the presence of PBAN-like immunoreactivity (PBAN-IR) in Spodoptera littoralis. The temporal distribution pattern of PBAN-IR in the hemolymph is similar to that of pheromone production in the gland. On the other hand, analysis of the retrocerebral complex, brain-subesophageal ganglion complex, and terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG) revealed similar PBAN-IR levels in both photophase and scotophase periods. Pheromonotropic activity exhibited by both hemolymph and TAG, as determined by a modified in vitro bioassay, agrees with the results of the immunochemical analyses. Severing the ventral nerve cord anterior to the TAG impaired normal sex pheromone production by second-scotophase females. These results are discussed in the context of how sex pheromone biosynthesis is regulated by PBAN in S. littoralis. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
57.
58.
Barbara Chiavarina Diana Whitaker-Menezes Gemma Migneco Ubaldo E Martinez-Outschoorn Stephanos Pavlides Anthony Howell Herbert B Tanowitz Mathew C Casimiro Chenguang Wang Richard G Pestell Philip Grieshaber Jaime Caro Federica Sotgia Michael P Lisanti 《Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)》2010,9(17):3534-3551
Our recent studies have mechanistically implicated a loss of stromal Cav-1 expression and HIF1α-activation in driving the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype, through the paracrine production of nutrients via autophagy and aerobic glycolysis. However, it remains unknown if HIF1α-activation is sufficient to confer the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype. To test this hypothesis directly, we stably-expressed activated HIF1α in fibroblasts and then examined their ability to promote tumor growth using a xenograft model employing human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Fibroblasts harboring activated HIF1α showed a dramatic reduction in Cav-1 levels and a shift towards aerobic glycolysis, as evidenced by a loss of mitochondrial activity, and an increase in lactate production. Activated HIF1α also induced BNIP3 and BNIP3L expression, markers for the autophagic destruction of mitochondria. Most importantly, fibroblasts expressing activated HIF1α increased tumor mass by ∼2-fold and tumor volume by ∼3-fold, without a significant increase in tumor angiogenesis. In this context, HIF1α also induced an increase in the lymph node metastasis of cancer cells. Similar results were obtained by driving NFκB activation in fibroblasts, another inducer of autophagy. Thus, activated HIF1α is sufficient to functionally confer the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype. It is also known that HIF1α expression is required for the induction of autophagy in cancer cells. As such, we next directly expressed activated HIF1α in MDA-MB-231 cells and assessed its effect on tumor growth via xenograft analysis. Surprisingly, activated HIF1α in cancer cells dramatically suppressed tumor growth, resulting in a 2-fold reduction in tumor mass and a three-fold reduction in tumor volume. We conclude that HIF1α activation in different cell types can either promote or repress tumorigenesis. Based on these studies, we suggest that autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes tumor growth via the paracrine production of recycled nutrients, which can directly “feed” cancer cells. Conversely, autophagy in cancer cells represses tumor growth via their “self-digestion.” Thus, we should consider that the activities of various known oncogenes and tumor-suppressors may be compartment and cell-type specific, and are not necessarily an intrinsic property of the molecule itself. As such, other “classic” oncogenes and tumor suppressors will have to be re-evaluated to determine their compartment specific effects on tumor growth and metastasis. Lastly, our results provide direct experimental support for the recently proposed “autophagic tumor stroma model of cancer.”Key words: caveolin-1, autophagy, mitophagy, the Warburg effect, tumor stroma, hypoxia, HIF1A, NFκB, compartment-specific oncogenesis, cancer-associated fibroblasts 相似文献
59.
Gales L Almeida MR Arsequell G Valencia G Saraiva MJ Damas AM 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》2008,1784(3):512-517
Transthyretin (TTR) is a plasma homotetrameric protein associated with senile systemic amyloidosis and familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. In theses cases, TTR dissociation and misfolding induces the formation of amyloidogenic intermediates that assemble into toxic oligomeric species and lead to the formation of fibrils present in amyloid deposits. The four TTR monomers associate around a central hydrophobic channel where two thyroxine molecules can bind simultaneously. In each thyroxine binding site there are three pairs of symmetry related halogen binding pockets which can accommodate the four iodine substituents of thyroxine. A number of structurally diverse small molecules that bind to the TTR channel increasing the protein stability and thereafter inhibiting amyloid fibrillogenesis have been tested. In order to take advantage of the high propensity to interactions between iodine substituents and the TTR channel we have identified two iodinated derivatives of salicylic acid, 5-iodosalicylic acid and 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, available commercially. We report in this paper the relative binding affinities of salicylic acid and the two iodinated derivatives and the crystal structure of TTR complexed with 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, to elucidate the higher binding affinity of this compound towards TTR. 相似文献
60.
The flowers of several families of seed plants warm themselves when they bloom. In some species, thermogenesis is regulated,
increasing the rate of respiration at lower ambient temperature (T
a) to maintain a somewhat stable floral temperature (T
f). The precision of this regulation is usually measured by plotting T
f over T
a. However, such measurements are influenced by environmental conditions, including wind speed, humidity, radiation, etc. This
study eliminates environmental effects by experimentally ‘clamping’ T
f at constant, selected levels and then measuring stabilized respiration rate. Regulating flowers show decreasing respiration
with rising T
f (Q
10 < 1). Q
10 therefore becomes a measure of the biochemical ‘precision’ of temperature regulation: lower Q
10 values indicate greater sensitivity of respiration to T
f and a narrower range of regulated temperatures. At the lower end of the regulated range, respiration is maximal, and further
decreases in floral temperature cause heat production to diminish. Below a certain tissue temperature (‘switching temperature’),
heat loss always exceeds heat production, so thermoregulation becomes impossible. This study compared three species of thermoregulatory
flowers with distinct values of precision and switching temperature. Precision was highest in Nelumbo nucifera (Q
10 = 0.16) moderate in Symplocarpus renifolius (Q
10 = 0.48) and low in Dracunculus vulgaris (Q
10 = 0.74). Switching temperatures were approximately 30, 15 and 20°C, respectively. There were no relationships between precision,
switching temperature or maximum respiration rate. High precision reveals a powerful inhibitory mechanism that overwhelms
the tendency of temperature to increase respiration. Variability in the shape and position of the respiration–temperature
curves must be accounted for in any explanation of the control of respiration in thermoregulatory flowers. 相似文献