Effects of Bark Beetle Disturbance on Soil Nutrient Retention and Lake Chemistry in Glacial Catchment

Ecosystems - Forest ecosystems worldwide are subjected to human-induced stressors, including eutrophication and acidification, and to natural disturbances (for example, insect infestation,...     

Large-scale separation of magnetic bioaffinity adsorbents

Flat magnetic separator was used to separate magnetic bioaffinity adsorbents from litre volumes of suspensions. Both magnetic cross-linked erythrocytes and magnetic chitosan were efficiently separated; at least 95% adsorbent recovery was achieved at maximum flow rate (1680 ml min^–1). Using this system low amounts of trypsin were concentrated from large sample volumes using magnetic erythrocytes as affinity adsorbent.     

Separation of magnetic affinity biopolymer adsorbents in a Davis tube magnetic separator

A Davis tube (a matrix-free, flow-through magnetic separator used mainly in mineral processing) has been tested for separation of magnetic affinity biopolymer adsorbents from larger volumes of suspensions. Both magnetic chitosan and magnetic cross-linked erythrocytes could be efficiently separated from litre volumes of suspensions. Up to 90% adsorbent recovery was achieved under optimised separation conditions.     

Simultaneous direct determination of amiloride and triamterene in urine using isopotential fluorometry

A method for the simultaneous fluorometric determination of two diuretics in urine is proposed. The combination of matrix isopotential synchronous fluorescence (MISF) and first derivative techniques provides good analytical results. MISF spectra are obtained by calculating the isopotential trajectory in the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum for a urine solution. In the spectral contour, the trajectory is taken to be the portion of the line that passes by the fluorescence maxima of both diuretics (lambda(ex) = 365 and lambda(em) = 413 nm for amiloride and lambda(ex) = 365 and lambda(em) = 437 nm for triamterene). Because contour lines connect points of identical intensity and the trajectory is part of a contour line, it is called "isopotential." Analyses was carried out in a 1/1 (v/v) ethanol/water mixture, using an apparent pH of 6.3 provided by 0.01 M sodium/citrate citric acid buffer. Urine samples are diluted 50 times and provide linear calibration plots at amiloride and triamterene concentrations up to 320 and 100 ng mL(-1), respectively. The goodness of the analytical signal was checked by using variance analysis. Signals recorded throughout the calibration range were subjected to three calibrations per each analyte, both in the absence and in the presence of variable amounts of the other analyte. Differences between individual calibrations and slopes were compared with those within individual calibrations. Based on the results, triamterene and amiloride can be accurately quantified in the presence of each other. The limit of detection calculated according to Clayton who uses error propagation throughout the calibration curve and a noncentralized security factor was 16.8 and 2.4 ng mL(-1) for amiloride and triamterene, respectively.     

Neuronal and mixed neuronal glial tumors associated to epilepsy. A heterogeneous and related group of tumours

The group of brain tumors with mature components encompasses several pathological entities including: the ganglioneuroma; the gangliocytoma; the ganglioglioma; the desmoplastic ganglioglioma; the neurocitoma and a group of glioneuronal hamartomatous tumorous lesions, such as meningoangiomatosis. The dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor is characterized by the presence of multiple cortical nodules made up of small, oligo-like cells and a myxoid pattern rich in mucopolysaccharides. Mature neuronal cells are frequently detected throughout the tumor. Most of them are associated with microhamartias in the adjacent brain and pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The excellent prognosis of the majority of these tumors and the potential for malignant transformation of the glial component in the ganglioglioma are the two most remarkable findings. Histological signs of anaplasia and greater mitotic and proliferative activities are associated with local recurrences. Atypical neurocytomas occur only exceptionally. Treatment choices are surgical resectioning and, in those cases presenting greater proliferative activity and cytological atypia, postoperative radiotherapy may be recommended. This paper reviews this heterogeneous group of neoplasms and hamartomatous lesions, pointing out presumable transitions among the different types of mixed neuronal and glial brain tumors. A single term of "mixed neuronal-glial tumors" is defended, distinguishing different subgroups of tumors, depending on the predominant cellular component.     

Mycorrhizal colonization mediated by species interactions in arctic tundra

The Alaskan tussock tundra is a strongly nutrient-limited ecosystem, where almost all vascular plant species are mycorrhizal. We established a long-term removal experiment to document effects of arctic plant species on ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi and to investigate whether species interactions and/or nutrient availability affect mycorrhizal colonization. The treatments applied were removal of Betula nana (Betulaceae, dominant deciduous shrub species), removal of Ledum palustre (Ericaceae, dominant evergreen shrub species), control (no removal), and each of these three treatments with the addition of fertilizer. After 3 years of Ledum removal and fertilization, we found that overall ectomycorrhizal colonization in Betula was significantly reduced. Changes in ectomycorrhizal morphotype composition in removal and fertilized treatments were also observed. These results suggest that the effect of Ledum on Betula 's mycorrhizal roots is due to sequestration of nutrients by Ledum, leading to reduced nutrient availability in the soil. In contrast, ericoid mycorrhizal colonization was not affected by fertilization, but the removal of Betula and to a lower degree of Ledum resulted in a reduction of ericoid mycorrhizal colonization suggesting a direct effect of these species on ericoid mycorrhizal colonization. Nutrient availability was only higher in fertilized treatments, but caution should be taken with the interpretation of these data as soil microbes may effectively compete with the ion exchange resins for the nutrients released by plant removal in these nutrient-limited soils.     

Isolation and sequencing of NOP1. A yeast gene encoding a nucleolar protein homologous to a human autoimmune antigen

We have identified the gene for the yeast nucleolar protein p38 and deduced the primary structure of p38 from its sequence. We propose the name NOP1 (nucleolar protein 1) for this gene. NOP1 encodes a 327 amino acid protein of 34,470 daltons and is flanked by potential promoter and polyadenylation sequences. Blot analyses indicate that the mRNA transcribed from NOP1 is approximately 1.3 kilobases in size and that there is one NOP1 gene per haploid genome. The amino-terminal sequence of p38 is homologous with the 31 known amino-terminal residues of the autoimmune antigen fibrillarin, confirming the previously observed similarity between p38 and this mammalian nucleolar protein. Consistent with this, p38 cross-reacts with serum from a patient with the autoimmune disease scleroderma. A putative nuclear localization signal can be identified in p38. Interestingly, a repetitive amino acid sequence motif begins near the amino terminus of p38. This motif is approximately 80 residues long, is rich in glycine and arginine, and shows striking sequence homology to mammalian nucleolins and certain nucleic acid binding proteins.     

Web database of molecular genetic data from fish stocks

Much research at the national and international level has been devoted to the development of several genetic methods for use in the characterization of fish stocks. We have developed a database that collates data from population genetic studies of fish. This database is accessible to researchers and control authorities on the Internet and should serve as a repository for genetic information of commercially important fish species. The prototype database has been developed in such a way that the new information can easily be updated by researchers in the field, who can submit their own data. The site can be found at http://fishgen.jrc.it.     

Anti-Sporothrix Antibody Detection in Domestic Cats as an Indicator of a Possible New Occurrence Area for Sporotrichosis in North Brazil

Mycopathologia - Feline sporotrichosis has emerged as an important public health issue in some countries, especially Brazil. Currently, zoonotic transmission of Sporothrix brasiliensis by domestic...     

Robustness of a meta-network to alternative habitat loss scenarios

Studying how habitat loss affects the tolerance of ecological networks to species extinction (i.e. their robustness) is key for our understanding of the influence of human activities on natural ecosystems. With networks typically occurring as local interaction networks interconnected in space (a meta-network), we may ask how the loss of specific habitat fragments affects the overall robustness of the meta-network. To address this question, for an empirical meta-network of plants, herbivores and natural enemies we simulated the removal of habitat fragments in increasing and decreasing order of area, age and connectivity for plant extinction and the secondary extinction of herbivores, natural enemies and their interactions. Meta-network robustness was characterized as the area under the curve of remnant species or interactions at the end of a fragment removal sequence. To pinpoint the effects of fragment area, age and connectivity, respectively, we compared the observed robustness for each removal scenario against that of a random sequence. The meta-network was more robust to the loss of old (i.e. long-fragmented), large, connected fragments than of young (i.e. recently fragmented), small, isolated fragments. Thus, young, small, isolated fragments may be particularly important to the conservation of species and interactions, while contrary to our expectations larger, more connected fragments contribute little to meta-network robustness. Our findings highlight the importance of young, small, isolated fragments as sources of species and interactions unique to the regional level. These effects may largely result from an unpaid extinction debt, whereby younger fragments are likely to lose species over time. Yet, there may also be more long-lasting effects from cultivated lands (e.g. water, fertilizers and restricted cattle grazing) and network complexity in small, isolated fragments. Such fragments may sustain important biological diversity in fragmented landscapes, but maintaining their conservation value may depend on adequate restoration strategies.