洞庭湖湿地土壤环境及其对退田还湖方式的响应

土壤物理、化学和生物学特性是构成土壤环境的主要组分,综合影响湿地生态系统的调蓄功能和演替恢复。本文以农田（水田和旱地）和自然湿地系统（苔草地和芦苇地）为对照,以3种退田还湖生态系统（种植杨树、芦苇和自然恢复）为研究对象,采用主成分和聚类分析,探索湿地土壤总体环境与生态系统演替过程的相关性。研究结果表明,土壤总体环境与生态系统恢复有很好的一致性。退田还湖为自然水域后,土壤环境的恢复接近于自然湿地系统,在3种退田还湖方式中恢复最好;杨树林地对土壤环境的恢复效果优于人工芦苇地,在一定程度上对湿地土壤环境有所改善,特别是对土壤有机质积累、土壤粘粒形成等过程的改善,但是其土壤环境与苔草等自然湿地发育的土壤仍然有较大差异;因子重要性分析表明水文情势是控制湿地土壤环境恢复的决定性因素,其次是人类干扰强度和方式。     

渤海浮游动物群落生态特点Ⅰ.种类组成与群落结构

以１９５９年全国海洋普查浮游动物中网周年标本为材料,对渤海浮游动物的群落结构进行分析。渤海浮游动物群落以近岸广温种为主,主要优势种包括小拟哲水蚤（Ｐａｒａｃａｌａｎｕｓ ｐａｒｖｕｓ）、双毛纺锤水蚤（Ａｃａｒｔｉａ ｂｉｆｉｌｏｓａ）、强额拟哲水蚤（Ｐａｒａｃａｌａｎｕｓ ｃｒａｓｓｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ）、拟长腹剑水蚤（Ｏｉｔｈｏｎａ ｓｉｍｉｌｉｓ）、墨氏胸刺水蚤（Ｃｅｎｔｒｏｐａｇｅｓ ｍｃｍｕｒ     

长白山北坡暗针叶林群落特征

长白山北坡的暗针叶林带分布海拔为１１００～１８５０ｍ,在野外调查的基础上,对暗针叶林沿海拔梯度物种组成的分布格局进行了研究。文中用α和β多样性指数来度量森林群落的多样性,用群落系数（本质上是一种β多样性指数）来度量不同群落或样地间的相似性,同时用欧氏距离和Ｗａｒｄ法对所有样地进行了聚类分析。研究结果表明主要树种云杉和冷杉在整个暗针叶林带均分布,而伴生树种和多数灌木出现于一定海拔范围内;沿海拔梯度物     

A secreted ribonuclease effector from Verticillium dahliae localizes in the plant nucleus to modulate host immunity

The arms race between fungal pathogens and plant hosts involves recognition of fungal effectors to induce host immunity. Although various fungal effectors have been identified, the effector functions of ribonucleases are largely unknown. Herein, we identified a ribonuclease secreted by Verticillium dahliae (VdRTX1) that translocates into the plant nucleus to modulate immunity. The activity of VdRTX1 causes hypersensitive response (HR)‐related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and cotton. VdRTX1 possesses a signal peptide but is unlikely to be an apoplastic effector because its nuclear localization in the plant is necessary for cell death induction. Knockout of VdRTX1 significantly enhanced V. dahliae virulence on tobacco while V. dahliae employs the known suppressor VdCBM1 to escape the immunity induced by VdRTX1. VdRTX1 homologs are widely distributed in fungi but transient expression of 24 homologs from other fungi did not yield cell death induction, suggesting that this function is specific to the VdRTX1 in V. dahliae. Expression of site‐directed mutants of VdRTX1 in N. benthamiana leaves revealed conserved ligand‐binding sites that are important for VdRTX1 function in inducing cell death. Thus, VdRTX1 functions as a unique HR‐inducing effector in V. dahliae that contributes to the activation of plant immunity.     

Direct adenylation from 5′-OH-terminated oligonucleotides by a fusion enzyme containing Pfu RNA ligase and T4 polynucleotide kinase

5′-Adenylated oligonucleotides (AppOligos) are widely used for single-stranded DNA/RNA ligation in next-generation sequencing (NGS) applications such as microRNA (miRNA) profiling. The ligation between an AppOligo adapter and target molecules (such as miRNA) no longer requires ATP, thereby minimizing potential self-ligations and simplifying library preparation procedures. AppOligos can be produced by chemical synthesis or enzymatic modification. However, adenylation via chemical synthesis is inefficient and expensive, while enzymatic modification requires pre-phosphorylated substrate and additional purification. Here we cloned and characterized the Pfu RNA ligase encoded by the PF0353 gene in the hyperthermophilic archaea Pyrococcus furiosus. We further engineered fusion enzymes containing both Pfu RNA ligase and T4 polynucleotide kinase. One fusion enzyme, 8H-AP, was thermostable and can directly catalyze 5′-OH-terminated DNA substrates to adenylated products. The newly discovered Pfu RNA ligase and the engineered fusion enzyme may be useful tools for applications using AppOligos.     

Division of labor within the DNA damage tolerance system reveals non-epistatic and clinically actionable targets for precision cancer medicine

Crosslink repair depends on the Fanconi anemia pathway and translesion synthesis polymerases that replicate over unhooked crosslinks. Translesion synthesis is regulated via ubiquitination of PCNA, and independently via translesion synthesis polymerase REV1. The division of labor between PCNA-ubiquitination and REV1 in interstrand crosslink repair is unclear. Inhibition of either of these pathways has been proposed as a strategy to increase cytotoxicity of platinating agents in cancer treatment. Here, we defined the importance of PCNA-ubiquitination and REV1 for DNA in mammalian ICL repair. In mice, loss of PCNA-ubiquitination, but not REV1, resulted in germ cell defects and hypersensitivity to cisplatin. Loss of PCNA-ubiquitination, but not REV1 sensitized mammalian cancer cell lines to cisplatin. We identify polymerase Kappa as essential in tolerating DNA damage-induced lesions, in particular cisplatin lesions. Polk-deficient tumors were controlled by cisplatin treatment and it significantly delayed tumor outgrowth and increased overall survival of tumor bearing mice. Our results indicate that PCNA-ubiquitination and REV1 play distinct roles in DNA damage tolerance. Moreover, our results highlight POLK as a critical TLS polymerase in tolerating multiple genotoxic lesions, including cisplatin lesions. The relative frequent loss of Polk in cancers indicates an exploitable vulnerability for precision cancer medicine.     

一种快速提取禽源性大肠埃希氏菌外胰蛋白的方法

介绍一种快速提取禽源性大肠埃希氏菌外膜蛋白的方法。该法是对Ｋａｐｕｒ等发表的方法的改进。全过程只需超速离心一次,比Ｋａｐｕｒ等的方法缩短了４ｈ。所得样品可直接用于禽源性大肠埃希氏菌外膜蛋白模式的测定。