植物悬浮细胞的研究进展

综述了植物悬浮细胞培养的原理、培养类型、不同植物悬浮细胞培养基的配方和培养方法.同时阐述了悬浮细胞系在细胞生物学和分子生物学领域中的应用前景.     

Up-regulation of multiple serine proteinases during earthworm tail regeneration

Summary

Previous studies have shown that spatiotemporal regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) by proteinases is implicated in the initial step of regeneration. In amphibian regeneration, the up-regulation of proteinases such as metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsin D, and proteinase-related proteins such as proteinase tissue inhibitors and activators has been demonstrated. Since the earthworm could provide a unique and valuable model to investigate the mechanism of regeneration, we studied the developmental change in proteinase expression during earthworm tail regeneration. Zymographic analysis revealed that proteinase activities began to increase within 1 h after amputation and reached a maximum at 7 days post-amputation. This peak in activity was approximately 22-fold greater than the unamputated controls. Thereafter, the proteinase activities tended to decrease followed by another peak at 30 days before returning to control levels. At least four types of proteinase were distinguishable at 7 and 30 days post-amputation, with molecular weights of 25, 28, 38, and 44 kDa, respectively. All proteinase activities were strongly inhibited by addition of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and aprotinin, specific inhibitors for serine proteinase. Pepstatin A, E-64, iodoacetamide and a metal ion-free medium were not effective inhibitors, indicating that proteinases expressed during earthworm tail regeneration would be serine proteinases. In addition, we were able to detect two types of plasminogen activator (PA) with molecular weights of 40 and 47 kDa, respectively. PA activities were predominantly expressed at 1, 5, and 25 days post-amputation, which preceded two peaks of serine proteinase activities appearing at approximately 7 and 30 days after amputation, respectively. This fact supports the view that serine proteinases expressed in respond to tail amputation may be plasmin-like proteinases activated by PA.     

Multimodal signals in male European treefrog (Hyla arborea) and the influence of population isolation on signal expression

In nocturnal treefrogs, mate choice implies the use of acoustic and visual signals. Multimodality is suspected to have evolved for either information redundancy or information complementariness. It is essential to explore multimodality in a natural context to understand the selection pressures operating on the signals. In the present study, we investigated calling and coloration in relation to male biometry and condition in four populations of European treefrog (Hyla arborea) varying in size and genetic isolation. We compared the signal intensity between core and satellite populations to estimate the impact of genetic diversity on male secondary sexual traits. The results obtained show important regional variations in both traits, likely as a result of local adaptations. Call and coloration are weakly correlated within an individual, implying that these traits likely convey different information about the signaller's identity or quality, thus supporting the hypothesis of complementariness of multiple messages. By contrast to the experimental evidence, we find that call and coloration are not related to male condition (as estimated by the residual of mass over size), suggesting that the condition‐dependence of these traits may be mediated by complex mechanisms not accurately reflected by the chosen estimator. Finally, male call and colour phenotypes present no robust pattern of variation with isolation status, probably because of variation in local selective pressures and in history of population dynamics. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 103 , 633–647.     

蟋蟀对召唤声识别的趋声性定位行为

为了探究蟋蟀种内个体间的声音通讯原理,本研究通过回放利用Cool-edit2000声音采集软件采集的双斑蟋Gryllus bimachlatus召唤声,分别对雌、雄蟋蟀识别召唤声的趋声性定位行为进行了观测研究。实验结果表明:雌、雄双斑蟋对回放的召唤声均有较强的识别反应,但雌蟋蟀的趋声定位性较强,能在较短的时间内积极寻找到声源,路径成"s"型;雄蟋蟀反应相对较弱,路径较长,找到声源时间比雌蟋蟀长。本研究结果揭示召唤声在蟋蟀种内通讯中不仅对个体间的联系有作用,对异性求偶也有重要作用。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后血清中血管内皮生长因子与神经元凋亡的研究

目的：通过检测SD大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型血清中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）与神经元凋亡动态表迭变化的关系,以探讨两者之间的相关性。方法：将40只大鼠随机分为8组：对照组、假手术组和脑缺血30min再灌注12h组、1d组、3d组、5d组、7d组、及14d组,每组5只。采用ELISA双抗夹心法检测大鼠血清中血管内皮生长因子、原位细胞凋亡TUNEL法检测脑组织中的凋亡神经细胞数。结果：再灌注12h、1d、3d、5d、7d及14d大鼠血清VEGF表达和凋亡神经元百分比的变化均为负相关性（均为P〈0．05）。结论：在脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型中,缺血诱导使VEGF的表达发生变化,VEGF通过直接或间接的途径抑制神经元凋亡。     

昆虫弦音器及其声音感受分子机制

弦音器是昆虫类特有的一种机械感受器,亦称弦音感受器或剑梢感受器。它主要具有感知外界声压和体内肌肉运动的听觉功能,研究弦音器的机能结构对揭秘昆虫听觉的神经机制有重要的科学意义。本文从弦音器多样性和进化入手,重点综述了弦音器的微细结构、基因功能定位、声音感受分子机制及其声压增幅分子生物物理学原理,为昆虫听觉仿生学的研究提供了理论依据。     

昆虫弦音器及其声音感受分子机制

弦音器是昆虫类特有的一种机械感受器,亦称弦音感受器或剑梢感受器。它主要具有感知外界声压和体内肌肉运动的听觉功能,研究弦音器的机能结构对揭秘昆虫听觉的神经机制有重要的科学意义。本文从弦音器多样性和进化入手,重点综述了弦音器的微细结构、基因功能定位、声音感受分子机制及其声压增幅分子生物物理学原理,为昆虫听觉仿生学的研究提供了理论依据。     

Complexity in Non-Pharmacological Caregiving Activities at the End of Life: An International Qualitative Study

Background

In late-stage palliative cancer care, relief of distress and optimized well-being become primary treatment goals. Great strides have been made in improving and researching pharmacological treatments for symptom relief; however, little systematic knowledge exists about the range of non-pharmacological caregiving activities (NPCAs) staff use in the last days of a patient''s life.

Methods and Findings

Within a European Commission Seventh Framework Programme project to optimize research and clinical care in the last days of life for patients with cancer, OPCARE9, we used a free-listing technique to identify the variety of NPCAs performed in the last days of life. Palliative care staff at 16 units in nine countries listed in detail NPCAs they performed over several weeks. In total, 914 statements were analyzed in relation to (a) the character of the statement and (b) the recipient of the NPCA. A substantial portion of NPCAs addressed bodily care and contact with patients and family members, with refraining from bodily care also described as a purposeful caregiving activity. Several forms for communication were described; information and advice was at one end of a continuum, and communicating through nonverbal presence and bodily contact at the other. Rituals surrounding death and dying included not only spiritual/religious issues, but also more subtle existential, legal, and professional rituals. An unexpected and hitherto under-researched area of focus was on creating an aesthetic, safe, and pleasing environment, both at home and in institutional care settings.

Conclusions

Based on these data, we argue that palliative care in the last days of life is multifaceted, with physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and existential care interwoven in caregiving activities. Providing for fundamental human needs close to death appears complex and sophisticated; it is necessary to better distinguish nuances in such caregiving to acknowledge, respect, and further develop end-of-life care. Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary     

紫毛香茶菜中的黄酮类化合物

从紫毛香茶菜（Isodon enanderianus)的茎叶提取物中分离到7个黄酮类化合物,经波谱分析鉴定,其中一个为新的黄酮甙,即5-羟基-6,7,4-三甲氧基黄酮-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙（1）;其它6个已知的黄酮类化合物分别为芫花素（genkwanin,2)、滨蓟素（cirsimar-tin,3)、胡麻素（pedalitin,4)、鼬瓣花亭（ladanetin,5)、isothymusin-8-O-β-D-glucoside（6）和槲皮甙（quercitrin,7)。     

小黑麦抗真菌蛋白组分的分离纯化和性质研究

以木霉为指示菌,小黑麦中饲237种子中的蛋白提取物经过分离纯化后,得到了3种主要的抗真菌蛋白组分,经酶活检测鉴定,分别是分子量为30.5 kD的ClassⅡ型几丁质酶,两种分子量为51kD和23 kD的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶。其中几丁质酶的最适反应pH为6.0,最适反应温度为37℃,测定的N末端氨基酸序列与大麦几丁质酶的有很高的同源性。在一定条件下,这3种蛋白组分都有较强的抗木霉活性,并且有明显的协同作用,同时它们对离体易感小麦叶片上白粉菌有很好的生长抑制作用。