全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1775篇 |
免费 | 180篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 26篇 |
2020年 | 12篇 |
2019年 | 14篇 |
2018年 | 16篇 |
2017年 | 20篇 |
2016年 | 42篇 |
2015年 | 67篇 |
2014年 | 74篇 |
2013年 | 83篇 |
2012年 | 111篇 |
2011年 | 119篇 |
2010年 | 83篇 |
2009年 | 60篇 |
2008年 | 103篇 |
2007年 | 107篇 |
2006年 | 81篇 |
2005年 | 90篇 |
2004年 | 101篇 |
2003年 | 94篇 |
2002年 | 96篇 |
2001年 | 16篇 |
2000年 | 16篇 |
1999年 | 24篇 |
1998年 | 29篇 |
1997年 | 27篇 |
1996年 | 17篇 |
1995年 | 26篇 |
1994年 | 18篇 |
1993年 | 25篇 |
1992年 | 23篇 |
1991年 | 22篇 |
1990年 | 17篇 |
1989年 | 17篇 |
1987年 | 12篇 |
1986年 | 18篇 |
1985年 | 13篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 24篇 |
1981年 | 21篇 |
1980年 | 26篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1977年 | 17篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 20篇 |
1973年 | 10篇 |
1972年 | 7篇 |
1971年 | 10篇 |
1970年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有1955条查询结果,搜索用时 778 毫秒
151.
Air movement preferences observed in office buildings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang H Arens E Fard SA Huizenga C Paliaga G Brager G Zagreus L 《International journal of biometeorology》2007,51(5):349-360
Office workers’ preferences for air movement have been extracted from a database of indoor environmental quality surveys performed
in over 200 buildings. Dissatisfaction with the amount of air motion is very common, with too little air movement cited far
more commonly than too much air movement. Workers were also surveyed in a detailed two-season study of a single naturally
ventilated building. About one-half the building’s population wanted more air movement and only 4% wanted less. This same
ratio applied when the air movement in workspaces was higher than 0.2 m/s, the de facto draft limit in the current ASHRAE
and ISO thermal environment standards. Preference for “less air motion” exceeded that for “more” only at thermal sensations
of −2 (cool) or colder. These results raise questions about the consequences of the ASHRAE and ISO standards’ restrictions
on air movement, especially for neutral and warm conditions. 相似文献
152.
Xing C Sestak AL Kelly JA Nguyen KL Bruner GR Harley JB Gray-McGuire C 《Human genetics》2007,120(5):623-631
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by both population and phenotypic heterogeneity.
Our group previously identified linkage to SLE at 4p16 in European Americans (EA). In the present study we replicate this
linkage effect in a new cohort of 76 EA families multiplex for SLE by model-free linkage analysis. Using densely spaced microsatellite
markers in the linkage region, we have localized the potential SLE susceptibility gene(s) to be telomeric to the marker D4S2928
by haplotype construction. In addition, marker D4S394 showed marginal evidence of linkage disequilibrium with the putative
disease locus by the transmission disequilibrium test and significant evidence of association using a family-based association
approach as implemented in the program ASSOC. We also performed both two-point and multipoint model-based analyses to characterize
the genetic model of the potential SLE susceptibility gene(s), and the lod scores both maximized under a recessive model with
penetrances of 0.8. Finally, we performed a genome-wide scan of the total 153 EA pedigrees and evaluated the possibility of
interaction between linkage signals at 4p16 and other regions in the genome. Fourteen regions on 11 chromosomes (1q24, 1q42,
2p11, 2q32, 3p14.2, 4p16, 5p15, 7p21, 8p22, 10q22, 12p11, 12q24, 14q12, 19q13) showed evidence of linkage, among which, signals
at 2p11, 12q24 and 19q13 also showed evidence of interaction with that at 4p16. These results provide important additional
information about the SLE linkage effect at 4p16 and offer a unique approach to uncovering susceptibility loci involved in
complex human diseases. 相似文献
153.
Reactivation of methionine synthase from Thermotoga maritima (TM0268) requires the downstream gene product TM0269
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Huang S Romanchuk G Pattridge K Lesley SA Wilson IA Matthews RG Ludwig M 《Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society》2007,16(8):1588-1595
The crystal structure of the Thermotoga maritima gene product TM0269, determined as part of genome-wide structural coverage of T. maritima by the Joint Center for Structural Genomics, revealed structural homology with the fourth module of the cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (MetH) from Escherichia coli, despite the lack of significant sequence homology. The gene specifying TM0269 lies in close proximity to another gene, TM0268, which shows sequence homology with the first three modules of E. coli MetH. The fourth module of E. coli MetH is required for reductive remethylation of the cob(II)alamin form of the cofactor and binds the methyl donor for this reactivation, S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). Measurements of the rates of methionine formation in the presence and absence of TM0269 and AdoMet demonstrate that both TM0269 and AdoMet are required for reactivation of the inactive cob(II)alamin form of TM0268. These activity measurements confirm the structure-based assignment of the function of the TM0269 gene product. In the presence of TM0269, AdoMet, and reductants, the measured activity of T. maritima MetH is maximal near 80 degrees C, where the specific activity of the purified protein is approximately 15% of that of E. coli methionine synthase (MetH) at 37 degrees C. Comparisons of the structures and sequences of TM0269 and the reactivation domain of E. coli MetH suggest that AdoMet may be bound somewhat differently by the homologous proteins. However, the conformation of a hairpin that is critical for cobalamin binding in E. coli MetH, which constitutes an essential structural element, is retained in the T. maritima reactivation protein despite striking divergence of the sequences. 相似文献
154.
Vincent J. Tepedino Diane Gail Alston Brosi A. Bradley Trent R. Toler Terry L. Griswold 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(11):3083-3094
Capitol Reef National Park in central Utah, USA surrounds 22 managed fruit orchards started over a century ago by Mormon pioneers.
Honey bees are imported for pollination, although the area in which the Park is embedded has over 700 species of native bees,
many of which are potential orchard pollinators. We studied the visitation of native bees to apple, pear, apricot, and sweet
cherry over 2 years. Thirty species of bees visited the flowers but, except for pear flowers, most were uncommon compared
to honey bees. Evidence that honey bees prevented native bees from foraging on orchard crop flowers was equivocal: generally,
honey bee and native bee visitation rates to the flowers were not negatively correlated, nor were native bee visitation rates
positively correlated with distance of orchards from honey bee hives. Conversely, competition was tentatively suggested by
much larger numbers of honey bees than natives on the flowers of apples, apricots and cherry; and by the large increase of
native bees on pears, where honey bee numbers were low. At least one-third of the native bee species visiting the flowers
are potential pollinators, including cavity-nesting species such as Osmia lignaria propinqua, currently managed for small orchard pollination in the US, plus several fossorial species, including one rosaceous flower
specialist (Andrena milwaukiensis). We suggest that gradual withdrawal of honey bees from the Park would help conserve native bee populations without decreasing
orchard crop productivity, and would serve as a demonstration of the commercial value of native pollinators. 相似文献
155.
Spiroplasma species in the Costa Rican highlands: implications for biogeography and biodiversity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert F. Whitcomb Joseph G. Tully Gail E. Gasparich Laura B. Regassa David L. Williamson Frank E. French 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(13):3877-3894
More than 1,000 Spiroplasma isolates have been obtained from horse flies and deer flies (Diptera:Tabanidae) in the United States and Canada. However, the spiroplasma biota of Central America is poorly known. In August of 1995 and
1998, 13 isolates were obtained in 14 attempts from horse flies of a single species, Poeciloderas quadripunctatus, taken in the Costa Rican highlands (1,100–2,000 m). The majority of the “isolates” proved to be mixtures of two or more
Spiroplasma species, but after filter cloning, single strains emerged that were designated as representatives of the 13 accessions. Six
distinct spiroplasma serogroups were identified from these isolations. Three of the strains are putative new species with
no serological relationship to any other Spiroplasma species. A fourth strain is a putative new species that may be distantly related to S. helicoides, a southeastern U.S. species. These four strains are accorded herein status as representatives of new serogroups: strain
BARC 4886 (group XXXV); strain BARC 4900 (group XXXVI); strain BARC 4908 (group XXXVII); and GSU5450 (group XXXVIII). A fifth
Spiroplasma species was very closely related to S. lineolae, known previously only from the Georgia (U.S.) coast. The sixth was most closely related to subgroup VIII-3, known from Texas
and the southeastern U.S. Discovery of six spiroplasma species in only 13 attempted isolations reflects diversity seldom equaled
in southeast Georgia, and never elsewhere in the U.S. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that spiroplasma diversity
increases from north (Nova Scotia) to south (Georgia and Costa Rica). The discovery of significant affinity between some spiroplasmas
of the southeastern U.S. and the Costa Rican highlands was unexpected, but may reflect a climatically complex Pleistocene
history.
相似文献
Robert F. WhitcombEmail: |
156.
Deskus JA Epperson JR Sloan CP Cipollina JA Dextraze P Qian-Cutrone J Gao Q Ma B Beno BR Mattson GK Molski TF Krause RG Taber MT Lodge NJ Mattson RJ 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2007,17(11):3099-3104
A series of indole tetrahydropyridine and indole cyclohexenylamines was prepared, and their binding affinities at the human serotonin transporter (SERT) were determined. In particular, a nitrile substituent at the C5 position of the indole ring gave potent SERT activity. The stereochemistry of the N,N-dimethylamine substituent was determined for the most potent indole cyclohexenylamine, 6a. The enantiomers of 6a were energy minimized and compared to other conformationally restricted SSRIs. Compound 6a was found to give a dose-response similar to the SSRI fluoxetine in microdialysis studies in rats. 相似文献
157.
Nonhuman primates are excellent subjects for the enhancement of care and welfare through training. The broad range of species offers tremendous behavioral diversity, and individual primates show varying abilities to cope with the stressors of captivity, which differ depending on the venue. Biomedical facilities include small single cages, pair housing, and breeding corrals with large social groups. Zoos have social groupings of differing sizes, emphasizing public display and breeding. Sanctuaries have nonbreeding groups of varying sizes and often of mixed species. In every venue, the primary objective is to provide good quality care, with minimal stress. Positive reinforcement training improves care and reduces stress by enlisting a primate's voluntary cooperation with targeted activities, including both husbandry and medical procedures. It can also improve socialization, reduce abnormal behaviors, and increase species-typical behaviors. This article reviews the results already achieved with positive reinforcement training and suggests further possibilities for enhancing primate care and welfare. 相似文献
158.
Gandhi SG Rafii B Harris MS Garces A Mahuran D Chen XJ Bao HF Jain L Eaton DC Otulakowski G O'Brodovich H 《American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology》2007,293(3):L651-L659
We have previously shown that cardiogenic pulmonary edema fluid (EF) increases Na(+) and fluid transport by fetal distal lung epithelia (FDLE) (Rafii B, Gillie DJ, Sulowski C, Hannam V, Cheung T, Otulakowski G, Barker PM and O'Brodovich H. J Physiol 544: 537-548, 2002). We now report the effect of EF on Na(+) and fluid transport by the adult lung. We first studied primary cultures of adult type II (ATII) epithelium and found that overnight exposure to EF increased Na(+) transport, and this effect was mainly due to factors other than catecholamines. Plasma did not stimulate Na(+) transport in ATII. Purification of EF demonstrated that at least some agent(s) responsible for the amiloride-insensitive component resided within the globulin fraction. ATII exposed to globulins demonstrated a conversion of amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current (I(sc)) to amiloride-insensitive I(sc) with no increase in total I(sc). Patch-clamp studies showed that ATII exposed to EF for 18 h had increased the number of highly selective Na(+) channels in their apical membrane. In situ acute exposure to EF increased the open probability of Na(+)-permeant ion channels in ATII within rat lung slices. EF did increase, by amiloride-sensitive pathways, the alveolar fluid clearance from the lungs of adult rats. We conclude that cardiogenic EF increases Na(+) transport by adult lung epithelia in primary cell culture, in situ and in vivo. 相似文献
159.
Distinct roles of PMCA isoforms in Ca2+ homeostasis of bladder smooth muscle: evidence from PMCA gene-ablated mice 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Liu L Ishida Y Okunade G Pyne-Geithman GJ Shull GE Paul RJ 《American journal of physiology. Cell physiology》2007,292(1):C423-C431
We previously showed that plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) activity accounted for 2530% of relaxation in bladder smooth muscle (8). Among the four PMCA isoforms only PMCA1 and PMCA4 are expressed in smooth muscle. To address the role of these isoforms, we measured cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) using fura-PE3 and simultaneously measured contractility in bladder smooth muscle from wild-type (WT), Pmca1+/, Pmca4+/, Pmca4/, and Pmca1+/Pmca4/ mice. There were no differences in basal [Ca2+]i values between bladder preparations. KCl (80 mM) elicited both larger forces (150190%) and increases in [Ca2+]i (130180%) in smooth muscle from Pmca1+/ and Pmca1+/Pmca4/ bladders than those in WT or Pmca4/. The responses to carbachol (CCh: 10 µM) were also greater in Pmca1+/ (120150%) than in WT bladders. In contrast, the responses in Pmca4/ and Pmca1+/Pmca4/ bladders to CCh were significantly smaller (4050%) than WT. The rise in half-times of force and [Ca2+]i increases in response to KCl and CCh, and the concomitant half-times of their decrease upon washout of agonist were prolonged in Pmca4/ (130190%) and Pmca1+/Pmca4/ (120250%) bladders, but not in Pmca1+/ bladders with respect to WT. Our evidence indicates distinct isoform functions with the PMCA1 isoform involved in overall Ca2+ clearance, while PMCA4 is essential for the [Ca2+]i increase and contractile response to the CCh receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway. PMCA; bladder smooth muscle; gene-altered mice 相似文献
160.