<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">In vivo</Emphasis> Studies on a Novel Bioadhesive Colloidal System: Cationic Liposomes of Ibuprofen

The objective of this study was to develop an ocular drug delivery system built on the cationic liposomes, a novel bioadhesive colloidal system, which could enhance the precorneal residence time, ocular permeation, and bioavailability of ibuprofen. The optimal formulation of cationic liposomes prepared by ethanol injection method was ultimately confirmed by an orthogonal L₉ (3³) test design. In addition, γ-scintigraphic technology and the microdialysis technique were utilized in the assessment of in vivo precorneal retention capability and ocular bioavailability individually. In the end, we acquired the optimal formulation of ibuprofen cationic liposomes (Ibu-CL) by orthogonal test design, and the particle size and entrapment efficiency (EE%) were 121.0 ± 3.5 nm and 72.9 ± 3.4%, respectively. In comparison to ibuprofen eye drops (Ibu-ED), Ibu-CL could significantly prolong the T _max to 100 min and the AUC to 1.53-folds, which indicated that the Ibu-CL could improve the precorneal retention time and bioavailability of ibuprofen. Consequently, these outcomes designated that the ibuprofen cationic liposomes we researched probably are a promising application in ocular drug delivery system.     

Vertically Grown Edge‐Rich Graphene Nanosheets for Spatial Control of Li Nucleation

Inhomogeneous mass and charge transfers induce severe Li dendrite formation, impeding the service of Li metal anodes in rechargeable batteries. Various 3D hosts are proposed to address the related issues. To enable better progress, hybrid micro/nanostructures with the ability to realize spatial control of Li deposition over nucleation should be developed. Here, it is demonstrated that edge‐rich graphene (ERG), which is vertically grown on a 3D carbon nanofiber (CNF) substrate via a simple chemical vapor deposition method, can serve as nanoseeds to reduce the nucleation overpotential of Li effectively and guide the Li deposition on the 3D CNF substrate uniformly, free from dendrites. Different from the case in other sp² carbon featuring interconnected graphitic structures such as planar graphene, the zero nucleation overpotential presented by ERG is attributed to its unique electron properties (i.e., the enhanced surface electronegativity) and its open architecture. Compared to the pristine CNF host, the ERG‐hybridized one resolves the problems of the Li metal anode better, endowing a practical Li battery with a long lifespan of 1000 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.7%. The results present novel sights for developing next‐generation Li‐carbon anodes with high cycling stability.     

The chirality selectivity in the uptake of platinum (II) complexes with 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers as carrier ligand by human erythrocytes

The uptake kinetics of cisplatin analogs of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine(dach) isomers with various leaving groups, by human erythrocytes in plasma isotonic buffer, were studied. The experimental results showed that the uptake rate constants (k values) decrease with the change of leaving group in the sequence: chloride (Cl) > squaric acid (SA) > oxalate (OX) > demethylcantharic acid (DA), with the same dach isomer as carrier group. It is noteworthy that for the platinum (II) complexes with the same leaving group, the k values always reduce as: 1R, 2R-dach > 1R, 2S-dach > 1S, 2S-dach. This result reflects the chirality selectivity. No differences in reactivity to protein thiols and effects on membrane permeability were found for the R,R-, R,S-, S,S-isomeric complexes. It is proposed that the chirality selectivity in uptake is due to the recognition of the chirality of the platinum complexes by the erythrocyte membrane. The interactions between the chiral platinum complexes and the head groups of the membrane phospholipid molecules are probably involved.     

用多抗原肽(MAP)免疫制备单克隆抗体的研究

目前制备单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的传统方法是用纯度很高的天然蛋白作为抗原来免疫动物。此方法虽然成功率很高,但提取和纯化作为抗原用的高纯蛋白确非常困难,在某些情况下甚至是不可能的。为了克服以上不足,近年来发展起用合成多肽作为抗原制备单克隆抗体^[1,2]。这个技术的难点是用合成多肽作为抗原来免疫动物不易获得与天然蛋白呈特异反应的抗体^[3-5]。近年来国外科学家发明了一种称为“多抗原肽”(Multiple antigenic peptide, MAP)物质用作抗原^[6,7]。它是一个由赖氨酸核和多个由同一多肽分子构成的具有免疫原性的大分子。这个大分子的多肽部分组成丁造成动物免疫应答的多个相同抗原决定簇．而赖氨酸核部分只起连接多肽的作用,它本身没有免疫原性。实验证明多抗原肽和佐剂配合使用会引起动物强烈的免疫应答。本文介绍的是从Calpain [EC 3.4.22.17] 28kDa 小亚基上选取的一段氪基酸序列 AAQYNPEPPP-PRTH(氨基酸从73到86)与赖氨酸核偶联形成多抗原肽来制备单克隆抗体。Calpain的水解蛋白活性依附于钙离子浓度。它有两种异构酶：在μmol/L钙离子浓度下被激活的称为“μ-calpain．而在mmol/L钙离子浓度下被激活的称为m-calpain。这两种异构酶都由两个亚基组成。其大亚基的分子量为80kDa,它包括酶的活性区和与钙离子结合区。两种酶的大亚基氨基酸序列各不相同。其小亚基的分子量为28 kDa,这两种酶具有完全相同的小亚基氨基酸序列。有关Calpain的详细资料可参阅文献[8]。     

混合分布理论及应用

本文介绍了混合分布的历史及其一般理论．在阐述混合分布理论在医学、农业、渔业、地理学等方面的应用以及在统计学其它有关分支中的应用的基础上,还详细讨论了这一理论可能在遗传分析中的作用,并提出一些值得进一步研究的问题．     

Somatic embryogenesis and direct as well as indirect organogenesis in Lilium pumilum DC. Fisch., an endangered ornamental and medicinal plant

Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in Lilium pumilum were successfully regulated by picloram, α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 6-benzyladenine (BA). In organogenesis, the highest shoot regeneration frequency (92.5%) was obtained directly from bulb scales on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 2.0 mg L^?1 BA and 0.2 mg L^?1 NAA, while organogenic callus (OC) formed from leaves on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L^?1 BA and 0.5 mg L^?1 NAA. Following subculture, 76.7% of OC regenerated shoots. In somatic embryogenesis, the combination of picloram and NAA increased the amount of embryogenic callus (EC) that formed with a maximum on 90.7% of all explants which formed 11 somatic embryos (SEs) per explant. Differences between EC and OC in cellular morphology and cell differentiation fate were easily observed. SEs initially formed via an exogenous or an endogenous origin. The appearance of a protoderm in heart-shaped SE and the bipolar shoot–root development in oval-shaped SE indicated true somatic embryogenesis. This protocol provides a new and detailed regulation and histological examination of regeneration pattern in L. pumilum.     

Drug-induced bile duct injury

Drug-induced liver injury includes a spectrum of pathologies, some related to the mode of injury, some to the cell type primarily damaged. Among these, drug-induced bile duct injury is characterized by the destruction of the biliary epithelium following exposure to a drug. Most of the drugs associated with bile duct injury cause immune-mediated lesions to the epithelium of interlobular ducts. These share common histopathological features with primary biliary cholangitis, such as inflammation and necrosis at the expense of cholangiocytes and, if the insult persists, bile duct loss and biliary cirrhosis. Some drugs selectively target larger ducts. Such injury is often dose-dependent and thought to be the result of intrinsic drug toxicity. The histological changes resemble those seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis. This overview focuses on the clinical and pathological features of bile duct injury associated with drug treatment and on the immunological and biochemical effects that drugs exert on the biliary epithelium. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Disease edited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.     

Electron Cryo-microscopy Structure of Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein Reveals a Mechanism for Nucleocapsid-like Assembly

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Two monoclonal antibody lines directed against subunit IV of cytochrome oxidase: a study of opposite effects

Two monoclonal lines of antibodies were isolated with specificities against the amino half of Subunit IV of beef heart cytochrome oxidase. The lines had nonoverlapping epitopes. Both bound to the matrix face of membranous oxidase, neither bound to the cytoplasmic face. One line (QA4/C4) stimulated electron transfer in soluble or membranous oxidase, while the other (QA4) inhibited that activity by both oxidase preparations. These effects on electron transfer activity were not altered by the inclusion or omission of detergent. ATP depressed the binding of either antibody to either soluble or membranous oxidase. In the absence of ATP, QA4/C4 stimulated electron transfer only in the high affinity phase of cytochrome c oxidation (with decreased KM and increased Vmax), causing slight inhibition in the low affinity phase (with decreased KM). In the presence of ATP, QA4/C4 abolished the high affinity phase, but did not alter the ATP influence on the low affinity phase. In the absence of ATP, antibodies of line QA4 abolished the low affinity phase, leaving a high affinity phase similar to that induced by ATP. In the presence of ATP, QA4 abolished the high affinity phase, leaving a low affinity phase similar to that seen with ATP alone. This behavior is consistent with the dissection of two catalytic sites for cytochrome c and more than one ATP affector site.