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21.
The aim of the present research was to evaluate the generation of [2-3H]diacylglycerol ([2-3H]DAG) from [2-3H]-Phosphatidic acid ([2-3H]PA) by lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) at different concentrations of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), and ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) in purified ROS obtained from dark-adapted retinas (DROS) or light-adapted retinas (BLROS) as well as in ROS membrane preparations depleted of soluble and peripheral proteins. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of LPP3 exclusively in all membrane preparations. Immunoblots of entire ROS and depleted ROS did not show dark-light differences in LPP3 levels. LPPs activities were diminished by 53% in BLROS with respect to DROS. The major competitive effect on PA hydrolysis was exerted by LPA and S1P in DROS and by C1P in BLROS. LPPs activities in depleted ROS were similar to the activity observed in entire DROS and BLROS, respectively. LPA, S1P and C1P competed at different extent in depleted DROS and BLROS. Sphingosine and ceramide inhibited LPPs activities in entire and depleted DROS. Ceramide also inhibited LPPs activities in entire and in depleted BLROS. Our findings are indicative of a different degree of competition between PA and LPA, S1P and C1P by LPPs depending on the illumination state of the retina. 相似文献
22.
Pavlik R Wypior G Hecht S Papadopoulos P Kupka M Thaler C Wiest I Pestka A Friese K Jeschke U 《Histochemistry and cell biology》2011,136(3):289-299
Estradiol and progesterone mediate their actions by binding to classical nuclear receptors, estrogen receptor α (ERα) and
estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and progesterone receptor A and B (PR-A and PR-B) and the non-classical G protein-coupled estrogen
receptor (GPER). Several animal knock-out models have shown the importance of the receptors for growth of the oocyte and ovulation.
The aim of our study was to identify GPER in human granulosa cells (GC) for the first time. Moreover, the effect of different
doses of gonadotropins on estrogen and progesterone receptors in the human ovary should be investigated as follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are also responsible for numerous mechanisms in the ovary like induction of the
steroid biosynthesis. Human GC were cultured in vitro and stimulated with different doses of recombinant human FSH or LH.
Receptor expression was analyzed by immunocytochemistry and quantitative real-time RT-PCR. GPER could be identified for the
first time in human GC. It could be shown that high concentrations of LH increase GPER protein expression. Furthermore FSH
and LH increased ERβ, PR-A and PR-B significantly on protein level. These findings were verified for high doses of FSH and
LH on mRNA level. ERα was not affected with FSH or LH. We assume that gonadotropins induce GPER, ERβ and PR in luteinized
granulosa cells. 相似文献
23.
24.
Păunescu V Deak E Herman D Siska IR Tănasie G Bunu C Anghel S Tatu CA Oprea TI Henschler R Rüster B Bistrian R Seifried E 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2007,11(3):502-508
Our study examined whether human bone marrow-derived MSCs are able to differentiate, in vitro, into functional epithelial-like cells. MSCs were isolated from the sternum of 8 patients with different hematological disorders. The surface phenotype of these cells was characterized.To induce epithelial differentiation, MSCs were cultured using Epidermal Growth Factor, Keratinocyte Growth Factor, Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Insulin-like growth Factor-II. Differentiated cells were further characterized both morphologically and functionally by their capacity to express markers with specificity for epithelial lineage. The expression of cytokeratin 19 was assessed by immunocytochemistry, and cytokeratin 18 was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR (Taq-man). The data demonstrate that human MSCs isolated from human bone marrow can differentiate into epithelial-like cells and may thus serve as a cell source for tissue engineering and cell therapy of epithelial tissue. 相似文献
25.
26.
Gabriela F Mastromonaco Steve D Perrault Dean H Betts W Allan King 《BMC developmental biology》2006,6(1):41-13
Background
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) provides an appealing alternative for the preservation of genetic material in non-domestic and endangered species. An important prerequisite for successful SCNT is the availability of good quality donor cells, as normal embryo development is dependent upon proper reprogramming of the donor genome so that embryonic genes can be appropriately expressed. The characteristics of donor cell lines and their ability to produce embryos by SCNT were evaluated by testing the effects of tissue sample collection (DART biopsy, PUNCH biopsy, post-mortem EAR sample) and culture initiation (explant, collagenase digestion) techniques. 相似文献27.
Aviva Joseph Jian Hua Zheng Ken Chen Monica Dutta Cindy Chen Gabriela Stiegler Renate Kunert Antonia Follenzi Harris Goldstein 《Journal of virology》2010,84(13):6645-6653
Due to the inherent immune evasion properties of the HIV envelope, broadly neutralizing HIV-specific antibodies capable of suppressing HIV infection are rarely produced by infected individuals. We examined the feasibility of utilizing genetic engineering to circumvent the restricted capacity of individuals to endogenously produce broadly neutralizing HIV-specific antibodies. We constructed a single lentiviral vector that encoded the heavy and light chains of 2G12, a broadly neutralizing anti-HIV human antibody, and that efficiently transduced and directed primary human B cells to secrete 2G12. To evaluate the capacity of this approach to provide protection from in vivo HIV infection, we used the humanized NOD/SCID/γcnull mouse model, which becomes populated with human B cells, T cells, and macrophages after transplantation with human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-HSC) and develops in vivo infection after inoculation with HIV. The plasma of the irradiated NOD/SCID/γcnull mice transplanted with hu-HSC transduced with the 2G12-encoding lentivirus contained 2G12 antibody, likely secreted by progeny human lymphoid and/or myeloid cells. After intraperitoneal inoculation with high-titer HIV-1JR-CSF, mice engrafted with 2G12-transduced hu-HSC displayed marked inhibition of in vivo HIV infection as manifested by a profound 70-fold reduction in plasma HIV RNA levels and an almost 200-fold reduction in HIV-infected human cell numbers in mouse spleens, compared to control hu-HSC-transplanted NOD/SCID/γcnull mice inoculated with equivalent high-titer HIV-1JR-CSF. These results support the potential efficacy of this new gene therapy approach of using lentiviral vectors encoding a mixture of broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies for the treatment of HIV infection, particularly infection with multiple-drug-resistant isolates.While broadly neutralizing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific antibodies have the capacity to prevent or suppress HIV infection, they are rarely produced by infected individuals, thereby markedly compromising the ability of the humoral response to control HIV infection (reviewed in reference 28). The high degree of sequence variability in the gp120 structure limits the number of highly conserved epitopes available for targeting by neutralizing antibodies (40). In addition, HIV utilizes several mechanisms to shield the limited number of conserved neutralizing epitopes from the potentially potent antiviral effects of HIV envelope-specific antibodies (14). First, the envelope protein is heavily glycosylated, and the linkage of the most immunoreactive envelope peptide structures to poorly immunogenic glycans shields them from antibody binding (37). Second, exposure of neutralizing epitopes not protected from antibody binding by glycosylation is greatly reduced by trimerization of the gp120-gp41 structure (5). Third, susceptibility of other neutralizing epitopes to antibodies is greatly reduced by limiting their accessibility to antibody binding to the brief transient phase of conformational changes that occur only during binding of the envelope protein to its cellular receptors, CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 (41). These intrinsic structural features of gp120 greatly reduce the capacity of natural HIV infection or vaccination to generate broadly neutralizing antibodies able to prevent or control infection. Despite these constraints, rare human antibodies with broad anti-HIV neutralizing activity, i.e., 2G12, b12, 2F5, and 4E10, have been isolated (2).The capacity of passive immunization with neutralizing antibodies to prevent infection was suggested by challenge studies demonstrating that transferred neutralizing antibodies protected monkeys from infection by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) (15). These studies were extended to humans, including several studies that examined the effect of passive immunotherapy using 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 on inhibition of HIV replication in infected individuals (20). Passive immunotherapy with a triple combination of 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 delayed viral rebound after the cessation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and activity of 2G12 was critical for inhibitory activity by this antibody combination (18). The key role of 2G12 in suppressing HIV replication was supported by the development of viral rebound in parallel with the emergence of HIV isolates resistant to neutralization by 2G12 (19).While HIV infection may be controlled by the lifelong treatment of HIV-infected individuals with periodic infusions of neutralizing-antibody cocktails every few weeks, this is not a practical or cost-effective therapeutic approach. Eliciting these antibodies by vaccination has not been successful. Therefore, we investigated whether we could circumvent the mechanisms that limit the endogenous production of broadly neutralizing HIV-specific antibodies using a molecular genetic approach to generate B cells that secrete these protective antibodies. In a proof-of-concept study, we examined the capacity of a single lentiviral vector to express the heavy and light chains of the 2G12 antibody, a well-studied anti-HIV human antibody that has broad neutralizing activity both against T cell line-adapted and primary HIV isolates (31). The 2G12 antibody was generated by applying murine/human xenohybridoma technology to establish human hybridoma cell lines from B cells isolated from HIV-infected individuals (16), and it targets the high-mannose and/or hybrid glycans of residues 295, 332, and 392 and peripheral glycans from residues 386 and 448 on gp120. In the current study we demonstrated that a lentiviral vector encoding the heavy and light chains of the 2G12 antibody reprogrammed B cells in vitro to secrete 2G12 with functional neutralizing activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the 2G12 lentiviral vector genetically modified human hematopoietic stem cells (hu-HSC), enabling them to differentiate in vivo into progeny cells that secreted 2G12 antibody that inhibited the development of in vivo HIV infection in humanized mice. 相似文献
28.
Dutka P Szydłowska M Chodorowski Z Rybakowska I Nagel-Starczynowska G Kaletha K 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》2004,262(1-2):119-126
AMP-deaminase (EC 3.5.4.6) is an enzyme of nucleotide breakdown involved in regulation of adenine nucleotide pool in mammalian cells. Reaction catalysed by AMP-deaminase constitutes a rate-limiting step in adenine nucleotide catabolism in liver. In this study kinetic and regulatory properties of AMP-deaminase purified from normal and cirrhotic human liver were investigated. In comparison to AMP-deaminase extracted from the normal human liver, AMP-deaminase extracted from the cirrhotic liver was less sensitive towards substrate analogues, and only a very limited response towards pH and adenylate energy charge changes tested for enzyme isolated from this tissue source had been observed. At physiological pH 7.0, in the absence and in the presence of important allosteric effectors (ATP, ADP, GTP and orthophosphate), AMP-deaminases from the two sources studied manifested different regulatory profiles, with half-saturation constant (S0.5) values being distinctly higher for the enzyme extracted from the pathological organ. In contrast to AMP-deaminase isolated from the normal, healthy liver, where presence of relatively large (68 kDa) protein fragment was also detected, only smaller protein fragments were identified, while SDS-PAG electrophoresis of AMP-deaminase isolated from the cirrhotic liver was performed. The obtained results indicate clearly that advanced proteolytic processes occurring in the cirrhotic liver may affect structural integrity of AMP-deaminase studied, making enzyme less active and less sensitive to regulatory action of important allosteric effectors. 相似文献
29.
Anton Pauw Sunshine A. Van Bael Halton A. Peters Steven D. Allison José L. C. Camargo Miguel Cifuentes-Jara Aurlstela Conserva Teresa Garcia Restom Tamara Heartsill-Scalley Scott A. Mangan Gabriela Nunez-lturri Elsie Rivera-Ocasio Mark Rountree Susanne Vetter Carolina Volkmer de Castllho 《Biotropica》2004,36(3):410-413
30.
Cristina M. Fragoso Gabriela Schumann Burkard Michael Oberle Christina Kunz Renggli Karen Hilzinger Isabel Roditi 《PloS one》2009,4(9)
The coat of Trypanosoma brucei consists mainly of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins that are present in several million copies and are characteristic of defined stages of the life cycle. While these major components of the coats of bloodstream forms and procyclic (insect midgut) forms are well characterised, very little is known about less abundant stage-regulated surface proteins and their roles in infection and transmission. By creating epitope-tagged versions of procyclic-specific surface antigen 2 (PSSA-2) we demonstrated that it is a membrane-spanning protein that is expressed by several different life cycle stages in tsetse flies, but not by parasites in the mammalian bloodstream. In common with other membrane-spanning proteins in T. brucei, PSSA-2 requires its cytoplasmic domain in order to exit the endoplasmic reticulum. Correct localisation of PSSA-2 requires phosphorylation of a cytoplasmic threonine residue (T305), a modification that depends on the presence of TbMAPK4. Mutation of T305 to alanine (T305A) has no effect on the localisation of the protein in cells that express wild type PSSA-2. In contrast, this protein is largely intracellular when expressed in a null mutant background. A variant with a T305D mutation gives strong surface expression in both the wild type and null mutant, but slows growth of the cells, suggesting that it may function as a dominant negative mutant. The PSSA-2 null mutant exhibits no perceptible phenotype in culture and is fully competent at establishing midgut infections in tsetse, but is defective in colonising the salivary glands and the production of infectious metacyclic forms. Given the protein''s structure and the effects of mutation of T305 on proliferation and localisation, we postulate that PSSA-2 might sense and transmit signals that contribute to the parasite''s decision to divide, differentiate or migrate. 相似文献