Potential of ultraviolet radiation for control of american cockroach populations

Populations of Periplaneta americana (L.) were exposed for 8–20 week periods in specially designed rooms to 254 nm UV at low intensity (50–115 ergs sec^–1cm^–2), high intensity (160–220 ergs sec^–1cm^–2), or to white light. The rooms contained tables and chairs to simulate occupied space, with food and water placed in positions exposed to UV radiation. General irradiation (where the whole room was exposed to UV) at 115 ergs sec^–1cm^–2 and above was effective in producing high mortality in all stages except 8–10th instar nymphs and adults. Hot-spots irradiation (where UV lamps were placed behind table and chair harborages) produced high mortality only in 1 st-3rd instar nymphs which would result in slower elimination of a population. Crude aggregation pheromone was not successful in holding cockroaches close to radiation sources or substantially increasing mortality under the conditions of the experiments.

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Zusammenfassung Populationen von Periplaneta americana (L.), die hinsichtlich ihrer Alterszusammensetzung (2.–3.; 5–6.; 8.–10. und adultes Stadium) und der Anzahlen in jedem Stadium festgelegt waren, wurden für 8–20 Wochenperioden in speziell dafür entworfenen Räumen einer 254 nm UV-Bestrahlung mit geringer (50–115 erg sec^–1cm^–2) oder hoher (160–220 erg sec^–1cm^–2) Intensität oder weißem Licht (als Kontrolle) ausgesetzt. Die Räume enthielten Tische und Stühle, um bewohnten Raum mit natürlichen Zufluchtsstätten mit Nahrung und Wasser an Stellen, die der UV-Bestrahlung unterlagen, zu simulieren. Ganzraumbestrahlung mit 115 erg sec^–1cm^–2 und darüber erzeugte hohe Mortalität bei 1.–3. und 5.–6.-Larvenstadien, örtliche Bestrahlung (UV-Lampen hinter Tisch- und Stuhl-Zufluchtsstätten) dagegen nur beim 1.–3.-Stadium, was zu einer langsameren Ausrottung einer Population führen würde. Ungereinigtes Aggregationspheromon als Zusatz, um Schaben dicht an die UV-Quellen zu locken und sie hier zu halten, war offenbar unwirksam, da eben die Mortalität nicht signifikant zunahm. Dieses Versagen war in erster Linie auf die Konkurrenz mit der Fülle von natürlichem Pheromon, das von den gewohnten Zufluchtsstätten ausging, zurückzuführen, verbunden mit der dem UV-Licht innewohnenden Abschreckung. Dennoch darf man annehmen, daß UV-Bestrahlung einen bedeutsamen Wert für die Verhinderung eines Populationswachstums (durch Ausschalten junger Larvenstadien) besitzt, besonders dort, wo chemische Bekämpfung aus Gesundheits- und Sicherheitsgründen oder wegen gesetzlichen Einschränkungen nur begrenzt möglich ist.

     

Extremely rapid degradation of [3H] methionine-enkephalin by various rat tissues in vivo and in vitro

Thirty sec after the intrajugular injection of [³H] methionine-enkephalin (met-enkephalin) in the rat, the radioactivity was already distributed in an apparent volume of 53 ml and the metabolic clearance rate calculated from the characteristics of the plasma disappearance curve was 10 ml/min. As shown by partition chromatography plasma extracts obtained 15 sec after injection of [³H] met-enkephalin, only 5% of the total radioactivity migrated as the intact pentapeptide, while no detectable intact pentapeptide remained 2 min after injection, thus indicating a half-life of [³H] met-enkephalin of the order of 2 to 4 sec. Incubation of rat cerebral tissue with [³H] met-enkephalin indicates that the first step in the breakdown of met-enkephalin in both plasma and brain tissue is cleavage of the Tyr-Gly amide bond. These data offer an explanation for the low activity of met-enkephalin after intraventricular or intravenous administration.     

Leishmania mexicana: Immunology and histopathology in C3H mice

C3H mice were infected subcutaneously with 10⁵ promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana and subsequent lesions were examined at 3, 5, and 8 months. All animals developed persistent nonulcerating nodules of variable size which did not metastasize. The nodules contained amastigotes with a mononuclear infiltrate of histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, but without formation of tuberculoid-type granulomas. Neutrophils and eosinophils were also encountered in some cases. Specific antileishmanial antibodies and delayed-type hypersensitivity to leishmanial antigen were present at 3, 5, and 8 months postinfection. L. mexicana infection in C3H mice differs from classic self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis by the pesistence of nonhealing, nonulcerating, nonmetastasizing lesions, despite evidence of cellular and humoral immunity.     

Purification of cytoplasmic antigens from the mycelial phase of Candida albicans: Possible advantages of its use in Candida serology

The serology of candidiasis is complicated by the use of poorly defined antigens. Total extracts of the yeast phase have been commonly used as cytoplasmic antigen, without regard to the significant amounts of carbohydrate that may contaminate such preparations. This is particularly true in the case of commercially available antigens that have been used as cytoplasmic antigens but actually are richer in carbohydrate than in protein. Affinity chromatography in concanavalin A — Sepharose provides a simple procedure to separate carbohydrates, mainly mannan, from protein antigens in whole Candida extracts. By using mannan-poor antigens, the specificity of serological reactions can be increased considerably, since both the positive reactions seen in asymptomatic donors and the cross-reactions seen in patients infected with other fungi are due to anti-mannan antibodies. In contrast, both anti-mannan and anti-cytoplasmic antigen antibodies can be detected in patients suspected of systemic candidiasis. On the other hand, absolute specificity may never be achieved for systemic candidiasis. We have found antibodies against cytoplasmic antigen in a patient allergic to C. albicans, in whom the microorganism was isolated from fecal material. It appears that, under favorable conditions, mucosal sensitization may also trigger a systemic reaction directed against both mannan and cytoplasmic antigens.Publication no. 341 from The Department of Basic and Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Medical University of South Carolina.     

Light- and electron-microscopic radioautographic study of glycoprotein secretion in the granular duct of the submandibular gland of the male mouse

Summary L-³H-fucose was injected intravenously into adult male mice, after which, at different time intervals, the submandibular glands were removed and processed for light-and electron-microscopic radioautography. This radio active hexose was taken up by newly synthesized glycoproteins in the cells lining the granular ducts which were maximally labeled at 4 h after injection. Between 4 and 72 h the amount of labeled glycoproteins decreased moderately indicating that these macromolecules undergo a slow renewal. The main subcellular site of incorporation of 3 H-fucose into glycoproteins was the Golgi apparatus. From this organelle labeled glycoproteins were transferred to small secretory granules (diameter up to 1.0 m) located not only near the Golgi region but also throughout the apical cytoplasm. At 1 h after injection the concentration of label reached a maximum in the small secretory granules and labeling of medium (diameter between 1.1 and 2.0 m) and large (diameter over 2.0 m) granules was very low. At this postinjection interval the secretion product inside the lumen of the duct was already labeled. Between 1 and 72 h after injection the concentration of radioactivity in the small secretory granules decreased intensely while increasing in the medium and in the large ones. The concentration of fucose label reached a maximum in the medium secretory granules at 24 h and in the large ones at 72 h after injection. Additional experiments using mice previously injected with 4 intraperitoneal doses of ³H-fucose given 3 h apart demonstrated that the large granules undergo a very slow renewal. Some were found to be labeled as long as 28 days after administration of ³H-fucose. Recorded in this latter series of experiments was the labeling pattern of dense bodies that were regularly visualized in the cells lining the granular ducts. Their significance in the secretory process is discussed. In conclusion, newly synthesized glycoproteins are transferred from the Golgi apparatus to small secretory granules which carry a readily releasible pool of these macromolecules to the lumen of the duct. The small secretory granules also transfer newly synthesized glycoproteins to medium and large secretion granules which store a pool that is released very slowly. This characterizes the large secretory granules as the intracellular sites of storage of secretion products. The results of this investigation were correlated with the knowledge about the chemical composition of the different macromolecules that are known to be synthesized by the secretory cells of the granular ducts of the submandibular gland of the mouse.     

Alveld-Producing Saponins

Stabursvik (1959) described the saponin fraction of Narthecium ossifragum as a sarsasapogenin glycoside with the structure arabinosegalactose-xylose-glucose-sarsasapogenin. In a renewed study of the phototoxic lamb disease alveld, in which this saponin has been implicated (Ender 1955), we have looked more closely at the saponin fraction. We find that there are two saponins, one major and one minor. Both have a branched trisaccharide on C-3 of the sapogenin. Galactose is directly attached to C-3 in both saponins. The major saponin has glucose and arabinose attached to galactose, the minor saponin has glucose and xylose. We suggest the names narthecin and xylosin for the spirostanol form of these two saponins. In fresh juice from leaves we find little narthecin, however. Most of the saponin is present in the furostanol form, with glucose on C-26. Enzymatic hydrolysis showed this glucose to be bound as a β-glucoside. From specific rotations in partial hydrolysates we conclude that the saccharide on C-3 is a β-D-glucoside, α-L-araboside, β-D-galactoside.     

Sequential changes of thymocyte surface antigens with presence or absence of graft-vs-host reaction following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Lethally irradiated AKR mice were reconstituted with C57BL/6 bone marrow cells. Though the allogeneic marrow transplantation protected AKR recipients from acute irradiation deaths, the mice given unmanipulated marrow developed severe GVHR disease, and 80% died within 50 days. The thymus and spleen from the recipient mice, following recovery of body weight between the 10th and 20th days, gradually involuted and became miniscule after Day 30. Thymocytes from recipients were found to be entirely of donor cell type by Day 15. Thereafter, however, as the graft versus host reaction (GVHR) developed, changes in sensitivity of the thymocytes to four different alloantisera directed toward donor histocompatibility antigens (H-2^b, Thy 1.2, Lyt 1.2, and Lyt 2.2) were observed and these changes were associated with changes in antigen expression or quantity of Thy 1 antigens on the thymocytes. A different pattern of changes was observed in antigen expression on thymocytes in mice given B6 marrow cells that had been pretreated with anti-Thy 1 serum which prevented initiation of graft-vs-host disease and in the mice which received marrow not so treated and which regularly led to graft-vs-host disease. By contrast, the amount of H-2 antigen on the thymocytes from chimeras with or without GVHR was elevated equally. The mechanisms of these changes are discussed.     

Binding of adducts of NAD(P) and enolizable ketones to NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases

Carbonyl compounds such as alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, butyraldehyde, acetaldehyde or acetone react with NAD or NADP to give adducts. Binding studies of adducts to dehydrogenases are performed by means of ultraviolet differential spectroscopy, circular dichroism and spectrofluorimetry. The dehydrogenases show a high degree of binding specificity toward the adducts which contain their specific oxidized substrate and their specific coenzyme. The high selectivity of the dehydrogenases for adducts is evidenced by binding studies of NAD(P)-pyruvate and NAD(P)-alpha-ketoglutarate adducts on glutamate dehydrogenase at pH 7.6 and 8.9. Evidence is presented showing that adducts bind to the active site of the enzymes.     

Effects of some aldehydes on brain microtubular protein

4-Hydroxynonenal is one of the main breakdown products of lipid peroxidation. It has an antiproliferative effect, which may partly be the consequence of an interaction with cytoskeletal structures. Its effects on microtubular protein are compared with those of homologous aldehydes with the same number of carbon atoms, and with that of benzaldehyde. Unlike the other aliphatic aldehydes, this latter aldehyde does not impair microtubular functions at every concentration in the range. Nonanal has the greatest effect on tubulin polymerization, whereas it only slightly impairs colchicine binding activity. 2-Nonenal and 4-hydroxynonenal have less inhibiting effect on tubulin polymerization; their effect on colchicine binding activity is dose-dependent. The targets of 4-hydroxynonenal on tubulin are -SH groups; the action mechanism of other aldehydes has not yet been identified.