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511.
MICHELLE C. CARTER SCOTT LIDGARD DENNIS P. GORDON JONATHAN P. A. GARDNER 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2011,104(1):63-74
Few studies show how morphological vestigialization may facilitate functional innovation. Fewer still describe the co‐occurrence of the derived and more ancestral structures in the same genetic individual. In the present study, we explore that rare instance in a modular (colonial) marine invertebrate. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy with fluorescent staining and behavioural observations, we describe homologous structures in polymorphic modules (zooids) in the bryozoan Bugula flabellata and document the occurrence of previously unreported retractor and circular muscles in the more derived module, the bird's‐head avicularium. In the evolution of a sessile feeding zooid to a moveable nonfeeding zooid with sensory and grasping functions, transformations were effected in the food‐capture apparatus, orificial structures, musculature, and sensory structures. We expand on and clarify previous reports of homologies between ancestral and derived modules in bryozoans and argue that vestigialization and augmentation of homologous structures were coincident with functional innovations in the avicularium. The present study offers rare evidence for the evolution of functional innovation through vestigialization. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 104 , 63–74. 相似文献
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Analysis of the distribution of enzymes of carbohydrate, carboxylicacid and nitrogen metabolism in nodule tissues prepared by protoplastisolation techniques has led to some confusion about their whereabouts.In this study nodule cortical and central (infected) tissuewas separated manually using a scalpel blade. Protein contents of whole nodules, central region and cortexwere found to be 19, 25 and 5-0 mg g1 fresh weight, respectively.Specific activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxylase (PEPC), invertase (INV) and sucrose synthase (SS)were higher in the central region than in the cortex. The reversewas true for UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPGPP), phosphoglucomutase(PGM) and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI). The central (infected) region represented a minimum of 65% ofthe nodule fresh weight. Calculations based on this estimateand on the activities per gram fresh weight indicate that thebulk of the potential enzyme activity is located in the centralregion. This was particularly so for SS, INV and GS where greaterthan 96% of the relevant activity was located in the centralregion. Even the enzymes which had greater specific activitiesin the cortex (UDPGPP, PGM and PGI) were, in fact, predominantlyfound in the central region (86, 81, and 85%, respectively).The conclusion from this data must be that most metabolism inthe nodule is likely to occur in the central region, althoughthis does not negate the importance of the cortex in carbonand nitrogen flux. Key words: Glycine max, soybean, nodules, cortex, infected region, enzymes 相似文献
514.
Density Effects on the Size Structure of Annual Plant Populations: An Indication of Neighbourhood Competition 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Size variability among plants has been observed to increasewith higher stand density, leading to the speculation that resourcedistribution among competing plants is primarily asymmetricrather than symmetric. The relationships between size variability,stand density, and type of resource distribution among competingplants were investigated using a spatially explicit, individual-plantmodel of annual plant population dynamics. When plants variedin neighbourhood competition, size variability increased withhigher stand densities whether shared resources were symmetricallyor asymmetrically distributed among competing plants. Size variabilitydid not increase with higher stand densities when neighbourhoodcompetition was constant for all plants. These simulations indicatethat increased size variability among competing plants doesnot distinguish between symmetric and asymmetric resource distribution,but rather is direct evidence for neighbourhood competition. Size hierarchy, neighbourhood competition, density effects, asymmetric competition, symmetric competition 相似文献