Changes in photosynthetic activity of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum in a culture of limited volume

Changes in photosynthetic activity of a marine diatom duringalgal growth were studied with a typical culture medium formarine algae, ASP-2 (l). As the algal specimen, Phaeodactylumtricornutum was used for the experiments. Nitzschia closteriumand Chaetoceros sp. were also supplementarily used. Photosynthetic and p-benzoquinone Hill activities remarkablychanged with time during algalgrowth; with maximum activityfound in cells at log phase. A rapid decrease occurred in theinterphase from the log to stationary phase. The activity changewas not accompanied by variation in photosynthetic pigment content. The low concentration of phosphorus source was suggested asthe main cause for the change. On supply of extra inorganicphosphate, the time length for holding high photosynthetic activitybecame longer; or, the activity of the cells at stationary phaserecovered at least partly even in the dark. Dark recovery wasnot accompanied by either algal growth or an increase in thecontent of photosynthetic pigments. Inactivation of photosynthesis in the stationary growth phaseand activation by added phosphate in the dark were inferredto be due to changes in activities of both the CO₂-fixing andelectron transfer systems. The observed activity change maynot be attributable to a deficiency in inorganic phosphate asthe substrate for photophosphorylation. Similar changes in photosynthetic activity were also observedwith Nitzschia closterium and Chaetoceros sp. (Received January 30, 1971; )     

Antimelanoma Activity of Chloroquine,an Antimalarial Agent With High Affinity for Melanin

The antimalarial agent chloroquine is known for high affinity for melanin. This 4-aminoquinoline derivative was examined for anti-melanoma activity and uptake into melanoma cells. Chloroquine inhibited growth of cultured melanoma cells; the effect was much greater to a moderately pigmented cell line HMV-II than to a nonpigmented HMV-I. Treatment with chloroquine at a dose of 62 mg/kg i.p. for 12 days prolonged by 71% the life span of mice bearing B16 melanoma, while 24-day treatment at 31 mg/kg resulted in a 81% increase in life span. HMV-II cells showed a two-fold increase in up-take of chloroquine as compared with HMV-I cells. Chloroquine, 24 hr after administration to mice implanted s.c. with B16 melanoma, was selectively accumulated in the pigmented tissues, melanoma and eyes. Other nonpigmented tissues such as the liver, lung, and kidney showed rapid uptake (within 1 hr) and release. These results suggest that chloroquine is toxic to pigmented melanoma cells, the process being partly mediated by binding to melanin     

Failure of catecholamines to shift T-cell cytokine responses toward a Th2 profile in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

To further understand the role of neuro-immunological interactions in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we studied the influence of sympathetic neurotransmitters on cytokine production of T cells in patients with RA. T cells were isolated from peripheral blood of RA patients or healthy donors (HDs), and stimulated via CD3 and CD28. Co-incubation was carried out with epinephrine or norepinephrine in concentrations ranging from 10(-5) M to 10(-11) M. Interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 were determined in the culture supernatant with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, IFN-gamma and IL-10 were evaluated with intracellular cytokine staining. Furthermore, basal and agonist-induced cAMP levels and catecholamine-induced apoptosis of T cells were measured. Catecholamines inhibited the synthesis of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-10 at a concentration of 10(-5) M. In addition, IFN-gamma release was suppressed by 10(-7) M epinephrine. Lower catecholamine concentrations exerted no significant effect. A reduced IL-4 production upon co-incubation with 10(-5) M epinephrine was observed in RA patients only. The inhibitory effect of catecholamines on IFN-gamma production was lower in RA patients as compared with HDs. In RA patients, a catecholamine-induced shift toward a Th2 (type 2) polarised cytokine profile was abrogated. Evaluation of intracellular cytokines revealed that CD8-positive T cells were accountable for the impaired catecholaminergic control of IFN-gamma production. The highly significant negative correlation between age and catecholamine effects in HDs was not found in RA patients. Basal and stimulated cAMP levels in T-cell subsets and catecholamine-induced apoptosis did not differ between RA patients and HDs. RA patients demonstrate an impaired inhibitory effect of catecholamines on IFN-gamma production together with a failure to induce a shift of T-cell cytokine responses toward a Th2-like profile. Such an unfavorable situation is a perpetuating factor for inflammation.     

Changes in reproductive behavior in adult damselfly Calopteryx splendens (Odonata: Calopterygidae) in response to flood

The reproductive behavior of adult Calopteryx splendens males and females inhabiting the Nida River, south Poland, was studied and compared during a pre‐flood and a post‐flood year. The flood disturbance in 2010 caused a decrease in aquatic macrophytes, thus reducing availability of potential territories and consequently, significantly influencing male behavior towards a frequent non‐territorial strategy. Many males in the post‐flood population had damaged wings due to extremely aggressive contests. Male–male tandems were commonly observed; this is an uncommon behavior in C. splendens. Although the sex ratio was male‐biased throughout the whole study, we observed more males in the post‐flood year. We also observed less‐frequent copulations and ovipositions during the post‐flood year. The only unchanged characteristic was population density, which did not differ before and after the flood disturbance. Floods have significant impact on damselfly reproductive sites and this, due to changes in behavior and sex ratio, may result in further consequences on population dynamics.     

Differences in cellulose digestive systems among castes in two termite lineages

Abstract.  Termites (Isoptera) are eusocial insects and express polyphenism. Soldiers have specialized morphology for colony defense, but their feeding activity is dependent on other colony members. To determine differences in cellulose degradation between soldier and worker termites, enzymatic activity and cellulase gene expression, as well digestive tract histology, are examined in two phylogenetically distant species. In Hodotermopsis sjostesti (family Termopsidae) , endo-β-1,4-glucanase activity is identified in the salivary glands, whereas β-glucosidase activity is identified in salivary glands and hindgut. The relative expression levels of endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes in soldiers are significantly lower than in workers. Thin sections of salivary gland of workers and soldiers are different in H. sjostedti . In Nasutitermes takasagoensis (family Termitidae), the endo-β-1,4-glucanase activity is restricted to the midgut in four tested castes (i.e. three types of workers and soldier). Examination of activity per termite reveals the highest activity in minor workers and the lowest activity in major workers and soldiers. The β-glucosidase activity is also concentrated on the midgut in all four castes. The relative expression level of the endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene does not correspond with its activity in the midgut. In thin sections prepared from N. takasagoensis , the folds and pulvillus in the gizzards, and cuticle structure of soldiers are less developed compared with the other three worker castes. The differences in digestive system among termite castes in terms of caste development in each species are discussed.     

Effect of neighbour visibility on nest attendance patterns of Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica in loose colonies

To assess the benefits of nesting at a site hidden from neighbours in a loosely colonial species, the Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica, we carried out two field experiments, obstruction removal and mirror placement, both replicating a situation in which a nest is made visible from another nest. Under manipulated conditions in both experiments, females increased the length of time they stayed at their nests during the egg‐laying and late incubation stages, while males extended their duration of stay during the egg‐laying and early nestling stages in mirror placement experiments only. The results suggest that Barn Swallows conceal their nests to reduce fitness costs imposed by neighbours nesting in view and that hiding the nest can reduce the amount of time spent guarding the nest during certain stages of the breeding period.     

EFFECT OF PLASTOCYANIN ON PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION IN ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS

The effect of addition of plastocyanin on photophosphorylationin isolated chloroplasts was studied in comparison with itseffect on photoreduction. Catalytic amounts of added plastocyaninstimulated the HILL reaction with NADP as oxidant, but the photophosphorylationcoupled to this reaction was not influenced by the additionof plastocyanin. The addition of NH₄+ or the complete phosphorylatingsystem did not affect the plastocyanin-induced increase in rateof the photoreduction. The rate of photoreduction of NADP, FMN,or indigo carmine in the presence of DPIP and ascorbate wasmuch accelerated by added plastocyanin, but these reactionswere not coupled to ATP formation. As reported earlier, isolated chloroplasts can utilize plastocyaninas oxidant in the HILL reaction. This reaction was found tobe accompanied by ATP formation, but the efficiency in thiscase was somewhat lower than in photophosphorylation coupledto the HILL reaction with the usual oxidants. The possible mechanism of these reactions is described brieflyand a scheme for reactions of plastocyanin in the electron transferin chloroplasts is presented. (Received July 20, 1965; )     

Revisitation of sites surveyed 19 years ago reveals impoverishment of longhorned beetles in natural and planted forests

As planted forests expand in area, they are beginning to dominate landscapes as a matrix and cause the fragmentation of remaining natural forests. To understand and predict the responses of biological assemblages to maturing planted landscapes, examining the effects of forest type (natural vs planted) and forest age on such assemblages is particularly important. Therefore, to document the effects of forest type and age on longhorned beetle assemblages, in 2008 we collected beetles in broad‐leaved natural and cedar planted forests where beetles had also been collected in 1989. Beetle species composition differed greatly between the two forest types in 1989, whereas this difference was less pronounced in 2008. Species richness and total abundance were higher in natural forests than in planted forests in 1989. In 2008, species richness had decreased in both forest types, but the difference between the two forest types had been maintained. Total abundance was also markedly lower in 2008, and the difference between forest types was much smaller. Although larval host plants were not associated with the responses of species to year (forest age or maturation), beetle species whose larvae fed on either broad‐leaved or coniferous trees (or both) exhibited slight preferences for natural forests. These results suggest that longhorned beetle assemblages become impoverished in planted landscapes as the planted matrix matures. Changes in species composition with forest maturation may be difficult to predict based on larval host plants. However, consideration of larval host plants may enable the prediction of changes in species composition caused by the replacement of natural forests by planted forests.