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Leaflets of Vicia faba L. (faba bean) were used to determine whether the mechanical forces resulting from the turgor potentials (Φp) of the larger epidermal cells neighbouring guard cells play a significant role in regulating stomatal aperture. When Φp, of epidermis and Φp of bulk leaflet tissue were compared at midday, Φp of epidermis were only 15–25% those of bulk leaflet tissue at all but the most negative leaflet water potentials (Φ). When plants were bagged to increase Φ by reducing vapour pressure differences between leaflets and air, Φp of bulk leaflet tissue increased to predawn values, but Φp, of epidermis increased to only = 20% of predawn values and stomata opened to their widest apertures. Stomatal apertures were positively correlated with Φp of bulk leaflet tissue but they were not correlated with Φp of epidermis. Reductions in epidermal Φp, began predawn, before stomata were open, and reached minimum values at midday, when stomata were open. We conclude that, in Vicia faba, (1) reduction of Φp of epidermal cells begins predawn, reducing the counterforce to stomatal opening that would exist if full epidermal turgor were maintained throughout the day, and (2) changes in Φp, of leaf epidermal cells do not play a significant role in regulating stomatal aperture. 相似文献
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Insecticides were screened in the laboratory for fast action against the delphacid planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus, the vector of maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) in Israel. In these tests the synthetic pyrethroids were more efficient than oxydemeton-methyl or endosulfan giving 50% mortality after 5 h compared to 10% in the non-pyrethroid insecticides. Selected insecticides were then tested in maize fields for their effect on disease spread and crop yield. The synthetic pyrethroids cypermethrin, fluvalinate and biphenthrin reduced MRDV incidence by 22–59% and disease was less severe in the treated plots. Total crop yield (stems, leaves, ears) was 28% higher in the biphenthrin-and fluvalinate-treated plots than in untreated plots. 相似文献
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TILLY BAKKER-GRUNWALD JEAN-BAPTISTE MARTIN GERARD KLEIN 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1995,42(4):346-349
ABSTRACT. Trophozoite extracts of axenic Entamoeba histolytica were investigated by natural-abundance 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. The extracts were found to contain a high level of glycogen (30 mM glucose equivalents), which had a compact structure as suggested by α (1 → 6) branch points every 5–6 glucose residues. As other major metabolites, we identified putrescine (9.5 mM) and the following free amino acids: tyrosine and phenylalanine (1 mM), glycine, lysine and methionine (2 mM), isoleucine (5 mM), proline and valine (6–7 mM), leucine (11 mM) and glutamate (22 mM). Glutamate and proline may serve, together with putrescine, as intracellular osmolytes. 相似文献
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BRUCE A. KIMBALL † PAUL J. PINTER Jr. † RICHARD L. GARCIA † ROBERT L. LaMORTE † GERARD W. WALL † DOUGLAS J. HUNSAKER † GABRIELE WECHSUNG ‡ FRANK WECHSUNG§ THOMAS KARTSCHALL§§ 《Global Change Biology》1995,1(6):429-442
A free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment was conducted at Maricopa, Arizona, on wheat from December 1992 through May 1993. The FACE apparatus maintained the CO2 concentration, [CO2], at 550 μmol mol?1 across four replicate 25-m-diameter circular plots under natural conditions in an open field. Four matching Control plots at ambient [CO2] (about 370 μmol mol?1) were also installed in the field. In addition to the two levels of [CO2], there were ample (Wet) and limiting (Dry) levels of water supplied through a subsurface drip irrigation system in a strip, split-plot design. Measurements were made of net radiation, Rn; soil heat flux, Go; soil temperature; foliage or surface temperature; air dry and wet bulb temperatures; and wind speed. Sensible heat flux, H, was calculated from the wind and temperature measurements. Latent heat flux, λET, and evapotranspiration, ET, were determined as the residual in the energy balance. The FACE treatment reduced daily total Rn by an average 4%. Daily FACE sensible heat flux, H, was higher in the FACE plots. Daily latent heat flux, λET, and evapotranspiration, ET, were consistently lower in the FACE plots than in the Control plots for most of the growing season, about 8% on the average. Net canopy photosynthesis was stimulated by an average 19 and 44% in the Wet and Dry plots, respectively, by elevated [CO2] for most of the growing season. No significant acclimation or down regulation was observed. There was little above-ground growth response to elevated [CO2] early in the season when temperatures were cool. Then, as temperatures warmed into spring, the FACE plants grew about 20% more than the Control plants at ambient [CO2], as shown by above-ground biomass accumulation. Root biomass accumulation was also stimulated about 20%. In May the FACE plants matured and senesced about a week earlier than the Controls in the Wet plots. The FACE plants averaged 0.6 °C warmer than the Controls from February through April in the well-watered plots, and we speculate that this temperature rise contributed to the earlier maturity. Because of the acceleration of senescence, there was a shortening of the duration of grain filling, and consequently, there was a narrowing of the final biomass and yield differences. The 20% mid-season growth advantage of FACE shrunk to about an 8% yield advantage in the Wet plots, while the yield differences between FACE and Control remained at about 20% in the Dry plots. 相似文献
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