不同时间和空间尺度上台湾水青冈群落谱系结构动态变化

群落谱系结构是了解群落聚群过程的一个基础研究内容。但是现有大部分研究内容集中在群落组成和结构的时空差异,对谱系结构的动态变化研究较少。以浙江省清凉峰国家级自然保护区的国家二级保护植物台湾水青冈(Fagus hayatae)林为研究对象,利用2006年、2011年、2016年3次群落动态调查数据,从10、20、50m的3个空间尺度上研究该群落在10a间的谱系结构动态变化,分析时空尺度对台湾水青冈群落谱系结构的影响,探究调控台湾水青冈群落动态变化的主要因子,为后期台湾水青冈林的保护提供理论基础。研究发现(1)在10a森林动态变化过程中,群落的MPD指数下降,MNTD指数增加。NRI和NTI指数在大尺度上随时间显著增加,但在小尺度上无显著变化。(2)随着空间尺度的增加,上述指数的动态变化趋势均不断增强。以上结果表明,2006—2016年间台湾水青冈群落总体谱系结构表现出不断聚集的趋势,而近缘种的谱系关系则不断疏远;群落谱系结构的聚集趋势随空间尺度的增加而增强。大尺度上的环境过滤和小尺度上的随机过程和种间竞争作用可能是导致该地区台湾水青冈群落谱系结构动态变化的主要生态学过程。     

Morphology and Phylogeny of Two Novel Pleurostomatids (Ciliophora,Litostomatea), Establishing a New Genus

Pleurostomatida Schewiakoff, 1896 is a cosmopolitan order of ciliates. In the present study, we investigated two new pleurostomatid species, Apolitonotus lynni gen. et sp. nov. and Protolitonotus clampi sp. nov., with state‐of‐the‐art methods. Apolitonotus lynni lacks its oral extrusomes and its right kineties form an anterior semi‐suture near the dorsal margin. Based on these two features, the new genus Apolitonotus was established within the Protolitonotidae Wu et al., 2017. Protolitonotus clampi differs from its congeners by its size of 80–130 × 15–30 μm, 4–6 left, and 9–11 right kineties, extrusomes arranged along the oral slit, and two macronuclear nodules. Because Litonotus antarcticus possesses an anterior semi‐suture and oral extrusomes, it was transferred to the genus Protolitonotus, becoming P. antarctius comb. nov. (basionym Litonotus antarcticus Song and Wilbert, 2002). Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences suggest a sister group relationship of P. clampi and the family Kentrophyllidae, and A. lynni is adelphotaxon to Litonotus gracilis, both within the order Pleurostomatida. Based on the new findings, an improved diagnosis for Protolitonotus was also provided.     

植物化学物与糖尿病的表观遗传调节

表观遗传(epigenetics)是指DNA序列不发生变化,但基因表达却发生了可遗传的改变。在细胞分裂时,表观遗传能影响正常基因的遗传表型,从而影响疾病发生。糖尿病是当今严重危害人类健康的疾病之一,许多营养物质与其发生有关系,其中,一些植物化学物能通过表观遗传机制影响糖尿病及其并发症的发生。本文就近年来与糖尿病有关的表观遗传机制的研究及与之有关的植物化学物的研究进展做一综述。     

Genome-wide screen identifies signaling pathways that regulate autophagy during Caenorhabditis elegans development

The mechanisms that coordinate the regulation of autophagy with developmental signaling during multicellular organism development remain largely unknown. Here, we show that impaired function of ribosomal protein RPL-43 causes an accumulation of SQST-1 aggregates in the larval intestine, which are removed upon autophagy induction. Using this model to screen for autophagy regulators, we identify 139 genes that promote autophagy activity upon inactivation. Various signaling pathways, including Sma/Mab TGF-β signaling, lin-35/Rb signaling, the XBP-1-mediated ER stress response, and the ATFS-1-mediated mitochondrial stress response, regulate the expression of autophagy genes independently of the TFEB homolog HLH-30. Our study thus provides a framework for understanding the role of signaling pathways in regulating autophagy under physiological conditions.Subject Categories: Autophagy & Cell Death; Signal Transduction; Membrane & Intracellular Transport     

海南稻田土壤硒与重金属的含量、分布及其安全性

采集了海南省18个市(县)代表性的稻田土壤耕作层(0—20cm)样品280个,研究了硒(Se)和5种有毒重金属元素(Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb和As)的含量、分布及其相关关系,并对Se和重金属的安全性进行评价,可为合理区划清洁且富Se稻田提供理论依据。结果表明:海南稻田土壤中Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb和As平均含量均低于国家土壤环境质量一级标准值和全国土壤背景值,以绿色食品产地环境技术条件限量标准为标准,用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价海南稻田土壤重金属的污染状况,结果都是清洁的。但以海南省土壤背景值做参比值,Hakanson潜在生态危害指数达到211.54,属于强生态危害,从潜在生态危害系数来看,Hg(102.61)和Cd(98.89)达到强生态危害,分别比海南省土壤背景值增加1.56和2.3倍,今后应注意控制Hg和Cd污染源。稻田土壤Se含量从痕量到1.532mg/kg之间,平均值为0.211mg/kg,占47.5%的稻田土壤Se含量处于中等及以上水平(>0.175mg/kg)。Se含量高的稻田土壤主要集中在东北部的海口及其周边的澄迈、定安、文昌和琼海,还有东南部的万宁和保亭。由于重金属平均含量还比较低,可暂时忽略重金属污染,故可在上述Se含量高的稻田土壤上种植富Se水稻。稻田土壤Se含量与Hg、Cd和As含量呈极显著或显著正相关,因此今后应加强研究稻田土壤Se与Hg、Cd和As的有效性及其相互作用,以便生产出绿色的富Se优质大米。     

CD155 knockdown promotes apoptosis via AKT/Bcl‐2/Bax in colon cancer cells

CD155, one of the nectin‐like molecule family members, is involved in cell adhesion and motility. CD155 is overexpressed in several human cancers, but its role in proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer remains unclear. We found that CD155 was up‐regulated in colorectal cancer tissues. CD155 knockdown via shRNA lentiviruses inhibited colon cancers cell migration and invasion, with a reduction in the expression of FAK, Src and MMP‐2. CD155 down‐regulation also suppressed colon cancer cell proliferation, accompanied by changing expressions of some molecules related to cell cycle. Finally, CD155 knockdown increased the expression ratio between Bax and Bcl‐2, resulting in a significant increase in colon cancer cell apoptosis. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CD155 is involved in not only migration and invasion but also proliferation and survival abilities of colon cancer cells, suggesting that CD155 is one of key molecules promoting the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer.     

细菌人工染色体基因组文库构建方法的改进

目的:建立一种改进的更简便、易操作的细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库构建方法。方法:在构建猪霍乱沙门氏菌基因组大片段DNA的BAC文库时,对改进的基因组BAC文库构建方法和常规的BAC文库构建方法进行比较。结果:利用改进的方法可简便快速地构建猪霍乱沙门氏菌基因组BAC文库。结论:使用2种方法构建BAC文库,其转化效率,以及在BAC克隆中插入的DNA片段的大小和BAC克隆的稳定性等都相同,从而表明改进的方法更简单、更方便,它能使BAC文库的构建更为高效。     

十七种虫草的子实体培育研究

在过去的12年间,分离得到20余种虫草无性型,对其中十七种虫草无性型进行了人工诱发虫草子座的试验,结果表明:蜂头虫草Cordycepssphecocephala、亚黄蜂虫草C.oxycephala、蚂蚁草C.myrmecophila、蛹虫草C.militaris、拟细虫草C.gracilioides和布氏虫草C.brongniatii等6种人工培养的虫草观察到了成熟的子囊壳并弹射了子囊孢子;古尼虫草小孢变种C.gunniivar.minor、球孢虫草C.bassiana、戴氏虫草C.taii、蚁虫草C.formicarum、蝽虫草C.nutans、长座虫草C.longissima、台湾虫草C.formosana和双梭孢虫草近似种C.bifusisporaaff.长出了许多的未成熟的子座或孢梗束;而冬虫夏草C.sinensis、沫蝉虫草C.tricentri和细虫草C.gracilis未能培育出子实体。其中蚁虫草和亚黄蜂虫草的人工成功培育子实体为首次报道。     

红树木榄生境中可培养细菌物种多样性及其体外抗乙肝病毒活性研究

红树生境中微生物菌群丰富,其次生代谢产物结构新颖,是挖掘新型药物的重要来源。该研究利用纯培养技术和16S rRNA分子生物学技术确定细菌种属,并进行物种多样性分析;以HepG2.2.15细胞株为模型,通过MTT和PCR技术测试细菌代谢产物的抗乙肝病毒活性;使用LC-HRMS技术对活性菌株代谢产物进行初步分析,初步评价木榄沉积物、根、叶以及胚轴的可培养细菌多样性以及细菌代谢物生物活性,寻找抗乙肝病毒的药源菌株。结果表明：(1)共获得细菌59种,分属于4门5纲14目23科36属,其中芽孢杆菌为优势菌属;菌株GXIMD07402、GXIMD07665、GXIMD07384分别为Pseudooceanicola属、Thioclava属和Aestuariibaculum属的潜在新种。(2)抗乙肝病毒活性结果显示GXIMD07366、GXIMD07616、GXIMD07384、GXIMD07550、GXIMD07445X提取物能显著降低HepG2.2.15细胞上清液中HBV DNA水平(P<0.05),抑制率分别为51%、47%、63%、52%、47%。(3)初步鉴定强活性菌株GXIMD07...