新生儿首次呼吸前后脐带动静脉血液氧和二氧化碳变化探索呼吸调控机制的初步报告I—血液氧和二氧化碳分压脐带动静脉差值的组间分析*

目的: 胎儿没有实际上的呼吸,新生儿出生后才开始呼吸,我们假设人的第一次呼吸主要是由于低氧而触发。本研究对流经主动脉体外周化学感受器后的脐带动脉血液氧分压（PuaO₂）变化规律和下限进行分析以探讨新生儿自主呼吸产生机制。方法: 选择签署知情同意书的正常分娩产妇数十例,仅14例新生儿在自主呼吸开始前成功完成脐带动脉或静脉置管。分别进行逐搏取血及顺序血气分析,计算血气指标的平均值、最高值和最低值,统计比较脐带动静脉的异同。结果: 在14例新生儿自主呼吸开始前完成采集脐带动脉（Pua）样本9例,脐带静脉（Puv）样本8例。就PO₂而言,所有9例PuaO₂随时间（心跳次数）呈逐渐降低倾向,直至在自主呼吸产生大约8~10次心跳后Pua挛缩、基本上无法取得足够的血样。PuaO₂平均值是（25.94±6.79,18.04~37.51）mmHg,最高值是（29.11±6.46,23.00~45.90）mmHg,最低值是（21.34±5.54,14.00~33.60）mmHg;但PuaCO₂变化趋势和规律则不够稳定,PuaCO₂平均值是（47.26 ±7.71） mmHg。PuvO₂随时间（心跳次数）虽也呈逐渐降低趋势,但多数还呈现随母亲呼吸节律的规律性交替升降的倾向,特别是母亲吸氧时。所有8例PuvO₂平均值是（53.35±21.35,32.56~100.73）mmHg,最高值是（90.38±48.44,43.40~153.00）mmHg,最低值是（36.96±14.90,24.80~73.80）mmHg;PuvCO₂平均值是（41.04±6.44)mmHg。虽然有着较大的个体差异,但 PuvO₂平均值、最高值和最低值均显著较PuaO₂高（P<0.05）;PuvCO₂虽略低于PuaCO₂,但无显著差异（P>0.05）。结论: 胎儿娩出为新生儿后自主呼吸前PuaO₂随时间（心跳次数）逐渐降低,在达到触发呼吸的阈值时诱发第一次吸气,从而开始自主呼吸。     

内蒙古维管植物新资料

报道了内蒙古3个新分布记录种:原野菟丝子(Cuscuta campestris Yuncker)、玛纳斯灯芯草(Juncus libanoticus Thiébaut)和无瓣繁缕[Stellaria pallida(Dumortier)Crépin];重新确认了密花柽柳(Tamarix arceuthoides Bunge)在内蒙古的分布;确定了十字花科2个异名,分别是Borodiniopsis D.A.German等和Borodiniopsis alashanica(Maxim.)D.A.German等,它们分别由针喙芥属(Acirostrum Y.Z.Zhao)和针喙芥[Acirostrum alaschanicum(Maxim.)Y.Z.Zhao]取代。     

Extensive intra-phylotype diversity in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria from the honeybee gut

Background

In the honeybee Apis mellifera, the bacterial gut community is consistently colonized by eight distinct phylotypes of bacteria. Managed bee colonies are of considerable economic interest and it is therefore important to elucidate the diversity and role of this microbiota in the honeybee. In this study, we have sequenced the genomes of eleven strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria isolated from the honey crop of the honeybee A. mellifera.

Results

Single gene phylogenies confirmed that the isolated strains represent the diversity of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the gut, as previously identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Core genome phylogenies of the lactobacilli and bifidobacteria further indicated extensive divergence between strains classified as the same phylotype. Phylotype-specific protein families included unique surface proteins. Within phylotypes, we found a remarkably high level of gene content diversity. Carbohydrate metabolism and transport functions contributed up to 45% of the accessory genes, with some genomes having a higher content of genes encoding phosphotransferase systems for the uptake of carbohydrates than any previously sequenced genome. These genes were often located in highly variable genomic segments that also contained genes for enzymes involved in the degradation and modification of sugar residues. Strain-specific gene clusters for the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides were identified in two phylotypes. The dynamics of these segments contrasted with low recombination frequencies and conserved gene order structures for the core genes. Hits for CRISPR spacers were almost exclusively found within phylotypes, suggesting that the phylotypes are associated with distinct phage populations.

Conclusions

The honeybee gut microbiota has been described as consisting of a modest number of phylotypes; however, the genomes sequenced in the current study demonstrated a very high level of gene content diversity within all three described phylotypes of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, particularly in terms of metabolic functions and surface structures, where many features were strain-specific. Together, these results indicate niche differentiation within phylotypes, suggesting that the honeybee gut microbiota is more complex than previously thought.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1476-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Interactive influences of ozone and climate on streamflow of forested watersheds

The capacity of forests to mitigate global climate change can be negatively influenced by tropospheric ozone that impairs both photosynthesis and stomatal control of plant transpiration, thus affecting ecosystem productivity and watershed hydrology. We have evaluated individual and interactive effects of ozone and climate on late season streamflow for six forested watersheds (38–970 000 ha) located in the Southeastern United States. Models were based on 18–26 year data records for each watershed and involved multivariate analysis of interannual variability of late season streamflow in response to physical and chemical climate during the growing season. In all cases, some combination of ozone variables significantly improved model performance over climate‐only models. Effects of ozone and ozone × climate interactions were also consistently negative and were proportional to variations in actual ozone exposures, both spatially across the region and over time. Conservative estimates of the influence of ozone on the variability (R²) of observed flow ranged from 7% in the area of lowest ozone exposure in West Virginia to 23% in the areas of highest exposure in Tennessee. Our results are supported by a controlled field study using free‐air concentration enrichment methodology which indicated progressive ozone‐induced loss of stomatal control over tree transpiration during the summer in mixed aspen‐birch stands. Despite the frequent assumption that ozone reduces tree water loss, our findings support increasing evidence that ozone at near ambient concentrations can reduce stomatal control of leaf transpiration, and increase water use. Increases in evapotranspiration and associated streamflow reductions in response to ambient ozone exposures are expected to episodically increase the frequency and severity of drought and affect flow‐dependent aquatic biota in forested watersheds. Regional and global models of hydrologic cycles and related ecosystem functions should consider potential interactions of ozone with climate under both current and future warmer and ozone‐enriched climatic conditions.     

Programmed Cell Death in Relation to Petal Senescence in Ornamental Plants

Cell death is a common event in all types of plant organisms. Understanding the phenomenon of programmed cell death (PCD) is an important area of research for plant scientists because of its role in senescence and the post-harvest quality of ornamentals, fruits, and vegetables. In the present paper, PCD in relation to petal senescence in ornamental plants is reviewed. Morphological, anatomical, physiological,and biochemical changes that are related to PCD in petals, such as water content, sink-source relationships,hormones, genes, and signal transduction pathways, are discussed, Several approaches to improving the quality of post-harvest ornamentals are reviewed and some prospects for future research are given.     

49 例先天性胎儿心脏疾病的静脉导管血流频谱分析

目的：不同的胎儿先天性心脏疾病通过不同的作用机制影响到胎儿心脏功能,会引起胎儿体内血循环的不同改变。静脉导 管是胎儿血循环中重要的组成,也会随之出现相应的频谱改变。通过对49 例合并先天性心脏疾病胎儿的静脉导管血流频谱及参 数进行分析,研究胎儿不同类型心脏疾病对静脉导管（DV）血流频谱的影响。方法：选取2009 年1 月至2012 年12 月间我们在产 前超声检查中发现的49 例合并先天性心脏疾病的胎儿,分别测量DV血流频谱并进行参数分析,根据DV频谱是否正常分为两 组。结果：DV频谱正常组有29 例(59.18%),表现为S 波、a 波的流速和方向正常,PVIV 及DVRI指标位于正常范围。DV频谱异 常组有20 例,表现为S波流速降低、a 波缺失或反向,PVIV 及DVRI升高。结论：DV血流频谱和参数是评价胎儿心功能的良好 指标。不同种类胎儿心脏发育异常对胎儿心功能影响的作用机制不同,其DV频谱也有着不同改变。通过对DV频谱的波形和参 数分析,了解胎儿心脏异常的病生理机制,评价其严重程度和预后,这对于指导临床诊疗有着重要意义。     

苦草生长对沉积物中磷迁移转化的影响

构建了不同营养盐负荷的沉积物环境"水-苦草-沉积物"生态系统,监测分析了沉积物中总磷(TP)、生物可获得磷及其环境因子的垂直分布及变化,以苦草为例,研究了沉水植物生长对沉积物中磷迁移转化的影响,结果表明:生长期的苦草通过改变沉积物环境因子或自身的生理活动,直接或间接地对沉积物中不同形态磷的迁移转化产生了影响,并随着深度的增加而出现不同的变化。具体表现在,低(L)、中(M)、高(H)营养负荷的沉积物总磷(TP),相对于初始值均有不同程度的下降,但苦草组下降的幅度大,分别比对照组多下降了11.63、18.50和46.25 mg/kg;在垂直方向上均表现出随深度的增加TP呈减少趋势,苦草对沉积物影响的深度随根系的活动范围变化而变化,根系增长最长(比试验初始增加了9.2 cm)的低营养负荷苦草组(LV),可影响到6 cm以下的沉积物;中营养负荷苦草组(MV)、高营养负荷苦草组(HV)根系增加不明显(分别为2.60和2.10 cm),影响深度主要在6 cm以内;检验发现,苦草组与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。交换态磷(Ex-P)、铝磷(Al-P)随深度增加而升高,苦草组小于对照组;铁磷(Fe-P),随深度的增加而降低,苦草组大于对照组,其中,在L、M、H中,苦草组的Ex-P分别比对照组下降了0.065、0.215和1.483 mg/kg,Al-P分别为1.198、2.040和2.390 mg/kg;LV中苦草的影响深度可达到10 cm的深,而MV、HV中主要集中在6 cm以内;苦草组中的Fe-P分别比对照组高8.135、16.689和8.598 mg/kg,在垂直方向上的变化幅度亦大于对照组。检验发现,L中苦草组Ex-P与对照组有极显著差异(P0.01),M、H苦草组与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);L、M、H中Al-P、FeP苦草组与对照组均无显著差异(P0.05)。     

不同植茶年限土壤团聚体碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征

试验选取了四川雅安12～15年、20～22年、30～33年和>50年的茶园,研究其土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、全磷的含量分布及其生态化学计量学特征,以阐明不同植茶年限土壤团聚体碳氮磷生态化学计量学特征的指示意义.结果表明: 0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量的变异系数分别为17.5%、16.3%、9.4%和24.0%、21.0%、9.2%;全磷的空间变异性低于有机碳和全氮,但三者呈极显著的正相关关系.有机碳与全氮含量集中分布于小粒径团聚体中,且均在植茶50年后达到最大值,土壤全磷在各粒径团聚体中分布则较为均匀,在种植年限上的变化也不大;0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤C/N、C/P和N/P的变异系数分别为9.4%、14.0%、14.8%和7.4%、24.9%、21.8%;土壤C/N的变异性较低,土壤C/P和N/P均在小粒径中较高,且在植茶50年后达到最大值. 土壤C/N、C/P和N/P对土壤有机碳储量具有良好的指示作用.
     

采用RAPD和ISSR标记探讨中国疣粒野生稻的遗传多样性

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) methods were applied to detect genetic variation of 20 bulking samples and two individually sampled populations of Oryza granulata (Nees et Arn. ex Watt.) from China (M5 from Hainan Province and M27 from Yunnan Province). For the bulking sampled populations, 20 RAPD and 12 ISSR primers generated 209 and 122 bands, of which 134 (64.11%) and 89 (72.95%) were polymorphic respectively. For population M5, 146 and 95 bands were generated with 21.48% and 34.78% being polymorphic (PPB). For population M27, 151 (PPB = 17.22%) and 94 (PPB = 19.15%) bands of RAPD and ISSR were obtained. The results indicated that the level of genetic variation of O． granulata was lower than other species detected in the genus Oryza. UPGMA cluster based on genetic similarity and principle component analyses (PCA) based on band patterns divided the populations into two groups corresponding to their sources, which revealed that the majority of genetic variation of O. granulata occurred between Hainan and Yunnan. Consequently, more populations of the species should be considered for a reasonable conservation management. Comparison between the two marker systems showed that ISSR was better than RAPD in terms of reproducibility and ability of detecting genetic polymorphism. Mantel test revealed that the goodness of fit between them was significant (r=0.917, t=12.718) when detecting genetic diversity at species level, but was poor at population level (r<0.200). The discrepancy was considered as the facts that different fragments were targeted by RAPD and ISSR, and that evolutionary process of O. granulata varied at different hierarchical levels.     

亚热带城乡复合系统BVOC排放清单——以台州地区为例

挥发性有机复合物(VOC)对大气的化学组成有重要的影响。植物排放的VOC(BVOC)比人为源VOC(AVOC)具有更高的反应活性。通过实地调查台州地区的植被构成和分布,综合BVOC排放速率的测定值和文献数值、当地气象资料等,研究了台州城市和周边地区的BVOC排放强度、时空格局及种类特征。结果表明,2009年台州地区的BVOC年排放量为4.6×1010 g C,其中异戊二烯、单萜和其他VOC所占的比重分别为93.8%、3.5%和2.7%。野外森林中毛竹林排放强度(133.8 t C.km-.2a-1)高出马尾松林、杉木林和常绿阔叶林(分别为0.9、0.8、0.6 t C.km-.2a-1)2个数量级,因此从改善大气质量角度考虑应当抑制毛竹林的扩张。城市行道树及河道树的BVOC排放强度为2.4 t C.km-.2a-1,公园及居民区绿地为1.6 t C.km-.2a-1,均高于野外除毛竹林外的其他植被类型。台州市区的主要树种中,垂柳、合欢、龙爪槐和枫香的单株排放强度较高,而香樟、广玉兰、银杏等单株排放强度相对较低。可优先选择这些排放强度低的树种用作城市绿化。研究结果也可为处在相近气候带的城市中绿化树种的选择和大气质量的改善提供科学依据。