1980-2018年浑善达克地区防风固沙服务时空变化及其驱动因素

防风固沙服务是干旱半干旱地区生态系统提供的最重要的防护型服务,对风蚀地区及周边区域的生态环境安全具有重要意义。基于修正的土壤风蚀方程（RWEQ）模型模拟了1980-2018年浑善达克地区防风固沙服务的时空变化,利用地理探测器分析了包括数值和类型变量的自然与社会经济因素对该区防风固沙服务空间格局的影响及交互作用。研究结果显示：（1）1980-2018年,单位面积防风固沙量波动下降,2015年单位面积防风固沙量最小,为13.01 kg/m²。同时,防风固沙保有率波动增加,2018年保有率达到最大值,为94.28%;（2）土壤类型、年末牲畜数量、年降水量与人工造林面积是影响防风固沙服务空间变化的主要因素,其中,土壤类型对防风固沙服务空间变化的影响最大,q值为75.15%;（3）各驱动因素间的交互作用都会放大单因子对浑善达克地区防风固沙服务空间分布的影响。其中,年均温对防风固沙服务空间分布变化具有较强的间接影响。因此,在土壤类型、年均温的间接作用下,1980-2018年浑善达克重点生态功能区防风固沙能力整体提高、风蚀程度有所缓解与年均风速、年降水量变化,以及2000年之后京津风沙源工程引起的人工造林面积、年末牲畜数量的空间分布格局变化有密切关系。     

红叶野桐叶中的木脂素类化合物

为探究红叶野桐(Mallotus paxii )叶的化学成分,该研究采用正相硅胶、反相硅胶C₁₈、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20、反相半制备高效液相等色谱方法对红叶野桐叶提取物进行分离、纯化,利用¹H-NMR、¹³C-NMR、HR-ESI-MS等波谱数据,结合 参考文献,鉴定化合物的结构。结果表明:从红叶野桐叶中分离得到12个木脂素类化合物,分别是7″,8″-threo-buddlenol D(1)、buddlenol D(2)、7″,8″-threo-buddlenol C(3)、buddlenol C(4)、(+)-丁香脂素(5)、表松脂醇(6)、松脂素(7)、1-acetoxyl-2e,6e-dipiperonyl-3,7-dioxabicyclo-[3,3,0]-octane(8)、刺五加酮(9)、落叶松脂醇-4''-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10)、rel-(2α,3β)-7-O-methylcedrusin(11)和dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl-alcohol 4''-O-β-D-glucoside(12)。以上木脂素类化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到,部分木脂素类化合物具有良好的药理活性如抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗病毒等。该研究结果表明,红叶野桐叶中含有丰富且活性良好的木脂素类化合物,说明其良好的药用价值可能与这些木脂素类化合物有关。     

旅游产业集聚对旅游业碳排放效率的空间溢出效应

在碳中和、碳达峰的时代背景下,提高旅游业碳排放效率对实现旅游产业高质量发展具有重要的实践价值。基于2001—2018年中国省际(自治区、直辖市)面板数据,首先利用区位熵和Super-SBM模型分别测算中国省际旅游产业集聚水平和旅游业碳排放效率,并探究二者空间演变趋势和关联特征;其次,运用空间杜宾模型分析旅游产业集聚对旅游业碳排放效率的影响及其空间溢出效应。结果表明：(1)研究期内,中西部地区的旅游产业集聚水平明显提高,东部地区则无明显变化;除河北省、山西省、内蒙古自治区等地区外,其他省份的旅游业碳排放效率均无显著变化。整体上看,二者高水平地区的空间分布变化大致均呈现出以现有集聚区为中心向周边扩散的趋势。(2)旅游产业集聚能显著提高旅游业碳排放效率,并且具有正向空间溢出效应,而旅游业碳排放效率的负向空间溢出效应则会抑制其他地区旅游业碳排放效率的提高。(3)经济发展、产业结构、城镇化、对外开放、技术进步和环境规制均能不同程度促进旅游业碳排放效率,但城镇化作用效果不显著,旅游业产权结构则显著抑制旅游业碳排放效率,经济发展和城镇化均具有正向空间溢出效应,产业结构呈现出较强的负向空间溢出作用,技...     

中亚热带喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林空间结构特征

喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林是中国西南喀斯特地区非地带性顶极森林群落,该研究基于相邻木关系的角尺度、混交度和大小比数3个结构参数,对木论国家级自然保护区常绿落叶阔叶林25 hm^(2)大型固定监测样地整体、上木层、下木层及其优势物种的空间结构特征进行了分析,以期揭示其森林空间结构现状,为喀斯特植被恢复重建提供依据。结果表明:(1)样地群落整体为轻度聚集分布格局,接近随机分布,物种高度混交且个体间大小分化程度相近,上木层呈现随机分布、强度混交和中庸偏亚优势状态,下木层呈现聚集分布、强度混交和中庸偏劣势状态。(2)样地内优势物种大多处于轻度聚集分布、强度混交且中庸偏劣势的状态。(3)林木大小比数与胸径、树高均呈显著负相关关系,混交度与胸径、树高均呈显著正相关关系,随林木的生长发育,树种优势度逐渐增大,物种多样性逐渐增强。研究认为,木论常绿落叶阔叶林空间结构尚未完全稳定,正处于演替中后期,具有发育成顶极群落的潜力。     

On the progressive enrichment of the oxygen isotopic composition of water along a leaf

A model has been derived for the enrichment of heavy isotopes of water in leaves, including progressive enrichment along the leaf. In the model, lighter water is preferentially transpired leaving heavier water to diffuse back into the xylem and be carried further along the leaf. For this pattern to be pronounced, the ratio of advection to diffusion (Péclet number) has to be large in the longitudinal direction, and small in the radial direction. The progressive enrichment along the xylem is less than that occurring at the sites of evaporation in the mesophyll, depending on the isolation afforded by the radial Péclet number. There is an upper bound on enrichment, and effects of ground tissue associated with major veins are included. When transpiration rate is spatially nonuniform, averaging of enrichment occurs more naturally with transpiration weighting than with area‐based weighting. This gives zero average enrichment of transpired water, the modified Craig–Gordon equation for average enrichment at the sites of evaporation and the Farquhar and Lloyd (In Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon‐Water Relations, pp. 47–70. Academic Press, New York, USA, 1993) prediction for mesophyll water. Earlier results on the isotopic composition of evolved oxygen and of retro‐diffused carbon dioxide are preserved if these processes vary in parallel with transpiration rate. Parallel variation should be indicated approximately by uniform carbon isotope discrimination across the leaf.     

New species and nomenclatural action in Saussurea DC.(Asteraceae)

Saussurea zhuxiensis Y. S. Chen & Q. L. Gan, sp. nov. 竹溪风毛菊(S1-1. Figs. 1, 2) Type: China. Hubei: Zhuxi County, Shuangqiao, rock crevices along stream, alt. 900 m, 2006-08-09, Q. L. Gan 1508 (PE). Latin diagnosis: Species Saussurea salicifoliae DC. similis, a     

Predator perception of detritus and eggsac decorations spun by orb-web spiders Cyclosa octotuberculata: Do they function to camouflage the sniders?

Camouflage is one of the most widespread and powerful strategies that animals use to make detection/recognition more difficult. Many orb-web spiders of the genus Cyclosa add prey remains, plant debris, moults, and/or eggsacs to their webs called web decorations. Web decorations resembling spider body colour pattern have been considered to camouflage the spider from predators. While this camouflage is obvious from a human's perspective, it has rarely been investigated from a predator's perspective. In this study, we tested the visibility of web decorations by calculating chromatic and achromatic contrasts of detritus and eggsac decorations built by Cyclosa octotuberculata, against four different backgrounds viewed by both bird (e.g., blue tits) and hymenopteran (e.g. Wasps) predators. We showed that both juvenile and adult spiders on webs with detritus or egg-sac deco-rations were undetectable by both hymenopteran and bird predators over short and long distances. Our results thus suggest that decorating webs with detritus or eggsacs by C. Octotuberculata may camouflage the spiders from both hymenopteran and bird predators in their common habitats.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica)

Six microsatellite markers were isolated from Fasciola hepatica, a re‐emerging parasite that causes important veterinary and public health problems. In a sample of 52 liver flukes from a region of hyperendemicity (Bolivian Altiplano), five microsatellite were polymorphic. Our results showed that liver flukes present important genetic variability, suggesting a preferential outcrossing reproduction mode for this hermaphroditic parasite.