Novel surface lipids of diapausing Manduca sexta pupae. Long chain oxoalcohol esters of acetoacetic, hydroxybutyric, and acetic acids

Ester components in the surface wax from diapausing tobacco hornworm pupae, Manduca sexta L., were separated by thin layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography, and characterized by infrared spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three groups of esters were identified as natural derivatives of acetic acid, acetoacetic acid, and 3-hydroxybutyric acid. The major ester fraction was identified as a mixture of C26 (10%), C27 (5%), and C28 (85%) oxoalcohol esters of acetoacetic acid. The major homolog consisted of equal amounts of 11-oxooctacosanyl 3-oxobutanoate and 12-oxooctacosanyl 3-oxobutanoate. Lesser amounts of 11- and 12-oxooctacosanyl and n-octacosanyl esters of acetic and 3-hydroxybutyric acids were also identified. The chain length distributions of these C26, C27, and C28 oxoalcohol and n-primary alcohol ester moieties, as well as the isomeric ratios for the 11- and 12-oxoalcohol isomers, were similar to the oxoaldehydes and unesterified oxoalcohols previously identified by Buckner et al (Buckner, J. S., Nelson, D. R., Haak, H., and Pomonis, J. G. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 8452-8470) as lipid components of the surface wax of M. sexta pupae.     

Contributions to the sociology and chorology of contrasting plant communities in the southern part of the ‘Wienerwald’ (Austria)

Five plant communities contrasting in successional status and human impact from the southern part of the ‘Wienerwald’ (Austria) are analyzed using vegetation relevés, spectra of area types and a newly proposed disjunction quotient. A climax community (Asperulo-Fagetum), a subclimax community (Querco-Carpinetum s.l.), an anthropogenous substitute community (Mesobromion) and two natural, non-climax permanent communities (Euphorbio saxatilis-Pinetum nigrae and Fumano-Stipetum eriocaulis) are recognized. The disjunction quotient is defined as the number of partial (discontinous) areas divided by the size of the total area of distribution of a species. In particular, the average disjunction quotients of the species in the first two communities reflect relatively table environments only slightly influenced by man, with many ancient, stable taxa. These communities are characterized by species with well-delimited, stable distribution areas. The species in the Mesobromion community have very low average disjunction quotients as its component species are widely and continuously distributed and are often promoted by man. In contrast to these communities, the species linked to the natural permanent, non-climax communities of extreme habitats, have high distribution quotients i.e. small, disconinuous areas; this illustrates the relic character of these plant communities and of the eastern edge of the Alps is a whole. Using the highly variable disjunction quotient of all species and communities examined, the concepts of climax and permanent communities (of different origin) are discussed with regard to European conditions.     

Embryo culture of Medicago scutellata and M. sativa

Resistance to the alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)) and the potato leafhopper (Empoasco fabae (Harris)) is lacking in cultivated alfalfa. However, a closely related annual Medicago, Medicago scutellata, possesses dense glandular stem and leaf hairs which provides a mechanism for resistance. Several attempts have been made at transfering the glandular haired traint from M. scutellata to perennial alfalfa with limited success. Earlier studies have shown that one reason for the lack of success is embryo abortion. Therefore, this study was initiated to observe zygotic embryo-genesis and to develop an embryo rescue technique for M. scutellata and M. sativa. Observations of zygotic embryogenesis showed that the two species are similar in morphology and can be described from youngest to oldest as globular, heart, torpedo, and hook shaped embryos. M. sativa embryos are smaller than M. scutellata embryos and develop three to four days later. Self pollinated M. scutellata (PI 307446) and sib mated M. sativa (Saranac AR) embryos were cultivated on Murashige and (2,4-D), indolacetic acid (IAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and kinetic (KIN). Embryos from both species were also cultured on Schenk and Hildebrandt's (SH) basal medium with the addition of L-glutamine and L-proline. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial for each experiment. Heart and torpedo shaped embryos from M. scutellata grew best (27.5% plantlet recovery) when cultured on MS medium with 0.05 mgl^-1 of both IAA and BAP. After 15 to 30 days on this medium, the embryos had only developed shoots. Therefore, it was necessary to transfer the shoots to MS basal medium without phytohormones for rooting. Rooting occurred in 15 to 30 days and the plantlets could be acclimatized to soil within 2 to 4 weeks. M. sativa embryos grew best (31% plantlet recovery) on SH medium with 50 mM L-glutamine. M. sativa embryos developed both shoots and roots on this medium. This information may now be applied to the development of an embryo culture method for recovering insect resistant hybrids between M. scutellata and M. sativa. Disclaimer statement: Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the USDA, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.     

Investigation of the enzymic and electrochemical oxidation of uric acid derivatives.

The electrochemical oxidation of a number of N-methylated uric acids at the pyrolytic graphite and gold electrodes has been compared to their enzymic oxidation with type VIII peroxidase and H2O2. Spectral, electroanalytical and kinetic evidence supports the conclusion that for all compounds the electrochemical and enzymic reactions proceed by identical mechanisms.     

Temporal and spatial differences in the emission of calls by pipistrelle bats<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pipistrellus pipistrellus</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic">P. pygmaeus</Emphasis>

The number of orientation, feeding and social calls emitted by pipistrelle batsPipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber, 1774 andP. pygmaeus Leach, 1825 was recorded throughout the night at eight different sites. Social calls were unaffected by weather variables, whereas orientation calls and feeding buzzes were both significantly affected by cloud and temperature conditions. The number of emissions of each call type was significantly different between sites, indicating that the bats used different sites for different activities. Significant positive correlations between all three combinations of call types occurred only during the middle of the night, corresponding with the nadir of flying insects. This suggests that bats were engaged in activities other than feeding at this time, such as territory protection or mate attraction.     

Recent decrease in carbon sink to Russian forests

Regional Evaluation of Carbon Budget of Forests (RECBF), was used to study the dynamics of carbon balance in Russian forests in 1988–2015. The carbon sink (excess of absorption over losses) to forests was minimal in 1988. Since the first half of the 1990s, its increase has started. This increase was associated with the reduction of logging volume in connection with socioeconomic reforms. Since 2008, the carbon sink was gradually reduced due to increasing losses in logging operations, forest fires, and decreased carbon absorption.