An “orientation sphere” visualization for examining animal head movements

1. Animal behavior is elicited, in part, in response to external conditions, but understanding how animals perceive the environment and make the decisions that bring about these behavioral responses is challenging.
2. Animal heads often move during specific behaviors and, additionally, typically have sensory systems (notably vision, smell, and hearing) sampling in defined arcs (normally to the front of their heads). As such, head‐mounted electronic sensors consisting of accelerometers and magnetometers, which can be used to determine the movement and directionality of animal heads (where head “movement” is defined here as changes in heading [azimuth] and/or pitch [elevation angle]), can potentially provide information both on behaviors in general and also clarify which parts of the environment the animals might be prioritizing (“environmental framing”).
3. We propose a new approach to visualize the data of such head‐mounted tags that combines the instantaneous outputs of head heading and pitch in a single intuitive spherical plot. This sphere has magnetic heading denoted by “longitude” position and head pitch by “latitude” on this “orientation sphere” (O‐sphere).
4. We construct the O‐sphere for the head rotations of a number of vertebrates with contrasting body shape and ecology (oryx, sheep, tortoises, and turtles), illustrating various behaviors, including foraging, walking, and environmental scanning. We also propose correcting head orientations for body orientations to highlight specific heading‐independent head rotation, and propose the derivation of O‐sphere‐metrics, such as angular speed across the sphere. This should help identify the functions of various head behaviors.
5. Visualizations of the O‐sphere provide an intuitive representation of animal behavior manifest via head orientation and rotation. This has ramifications for quantifying and understanding behaviors ranging from navigation through vigilance to feeding and, when used in tandem with body movement, should provide an important link between perception of the environment and response to it in free‐ranging animals.

     

Intracellular calcium redistribution during mating in Chlamydomonas reinhardii

Gametes of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii recognize and adhere to cells of the opposite mating type by flagellar contact. Adhesion between these specialized organelles signals a rapid series of mating events which result in gamete fusion. The sequence of morphological changes (flagellar tip activation, cell wall loss, and mating structure elongation), which occur as a consequence of the sexual signalling, have been characterized. The signalling mechanisms have, however, not been defined. Calcium is known to be involved during fertilization of animal species. Increased intracellular free calcium, which can be achieved either by calcium influx or by mobilization of ions from intracellular stores, has been observed during activation of both eggs and sperm. A recent report by Bloodgood & Levin that gametes of C. reinhardii preloaded with 45Ca showed a transient increase in Ca efflux following mating, suggests that intracellular Ca redistribution may also accompany mating in this algal species. We have used X-ray microanalysis to analyze the subcellular distribution of bound calcium during mating in Chlamydomonas reinhardii. X-ray maps reveal that calcium is sequestered in discrete granules within the gamete cell body prior to mating and that during activation and cell fusion, calcium is diffuse throughout the cell. This suggests the possibility that calcium serves as a second messenger in this species.     

The rfaD gene codes for ADP-L-glycero-D-mannoheptose-6-epimerase. An enzyme required for lipopolysaccharide core biosynthesis

The rfaD gene product, ADP-L-glycero-D-mannoheptose-6-epimerase, is necessary for the conversion of ADP-D-glycero-D-mannoheptose to ADP-L-glycero-D-mannoheptose. The nucleotide ADP-D-glycero-D-mannoheptose accumulates in rfaD mutant strains. Two chimeric colicin E1 plasmids carrying the coding sequence of the rfaD+ locus have been selected and shown to complement the rfaD phenotype. These clones also result in an amplification of ADP-L-glycero-D-mannoheptose-6-epimerase activity.     

Characterization of messenger RNA from epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi

The cell-free translation products of polyribosomal and post-polyribosomal mRNAs from the non-infective epimastigotes and the infective metacyclic trypomastigotes of the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The result show that although many polypeptides are conserved, quantitative and qualitative differences are observed between both differentiation stages. The results also indicate the existence of post-polyribosomal mRNAs in equilibrium with polyribosomal counterparts. The immunoprecipitation of the in vitro synthesized polypeptides with chagasic human serum and the serum raised against an 85-kDa glycoprotein (P2-WGA), potentially involved in the process of T. cruzi penetration into mammalian cells, shows that while the chagasic serum recognizes the same 72-kDa, 68-kDa and 46-kDa polypeptides in both differentiation stages, the anti-P2-WGA serum immunoprecipitates a single 48-kDa polypeptide from in vitro translation products of metacyclic trypomastigotes.     

Vaccination of mice against murine coccidiosis by ingestion of surface proteins of Eimeria falciformis incorporated in liposomes

Proteins are released from the surface of sporozoites of Eimeria falciformis during their in vitro incubation in a detergent solution. Some of these proteins reacted with antibodies from infected mice and specifically stimulated the proliferation of mesenteric lymph node cells of these mice. Oral immunization of mice with liposome encapsulated sporozoite surface antigens protected mice against a challenge infection. Two proteins (M.W. 27 and 180 K) induced an antibody synthesis in these vaccinated mice.     

Growth inhibitory effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells resistant to differentiation induction

In the original HL-60 cells (HL-60-S) and an HL-60 subline (HL-60-R) respectively susceptible and resistant to induction of differentiation by retinoic acid or dimethyl sulfoxide, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine inhibited growth equally but induced differentiation to a greater extent in HL-60-S. Flow cytometry showed that 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine produced in both HL-60 lines an increased proportion of cells in G2+M rather than G0/G1 as with retinoic acid. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine may have a differentiation-inducing effect in HL-60 provided cells have the competence to differentiate, indicating the importance of an alternate mechanism of action.     

Diagnostic test systems based on the immunoenzyme method in leprosy

Diagnostic test systems for the detection of IgG and IgM to Mycobacterium leprae in the blood sera of leprosy patients and armadillos experimentally infected with M. leprae have been developed on the basis of the indirect immunoperoxidase assay. The possibility has been shown of prognosing the activity of the leprotic process in leprosy patients and the results of the experimental infection of armadillos by the dynamic increase of antibody reactions with the development of the infection.