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991.
Jinfeng Teng Kazuko Iida Hiroko Izumi-Nakaseko Itaru Kojima Hidetoshi Iida 《生物化学与生物物理学报:生物膜》2010,1798(5):966-974
The pore-forming component of voltage-gated calcium channels, α1 subunit, contains four structurally conserved domains (I-IV), each of which contains six transmembrane segments (S1-S6). We have shown previously that a Gly residue in the S2-S3 linker of domain III is completely conserved from yeasts to humans and important for channel activity. The Gly residues in the S2-S3 linkers of domains I and II, which correspond positionally to the Gly in the S2-S3 linker of domain III, are also highly conserved. Here, we investigated the role of the Gly residues in the S2-S3 linkers of domains I and II of Cav1.2. Each of the Gly residues was replaced with Glu or Gln to produce mutant Cav1.2s; G182E, G182Q, G579E, G579Q, and the resulting mutants were transfected into BHK6 cells. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that current-voltage relationships of the four mutants were the same as those of wild-type Cav1.2. However, G182E and G182Q showed significantly smaller current densities because of mislocalization of the mutant proteins, suggesting that Gly182 in domain I is involved in the membrane trafficking or surface expression of α1 subunit. On the other hand, G579E showed a slower voltage-dependent current inactivation (VDI) compared to Cav1.2, although G579Q showed a normal VDI, implying that Gly579 in domain II is involved in the regulation of VDI and that the incorporation of a negative charge alters the VDI kinetics. Our findings indicate that the two conserved Gly residues are important for α1 subunit to become functional. 相似文献
992.
993.
Naoko Taguchi‐Atarashi Maho Hamasaki Kohichi Matsunaga Hiroko Omori Nicholas T. Ktistakis Tamotsu Yoshimori Takeshi Noda 《Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark)》2010,11(4):468-478
Autophagy is a catabolic process that delivers cytoplasmic material to the lysosome for degradation. The mechanisms regulating autophagosome formation and size remain unclear. Here, we show that autophagosome formation was triggered by the overexpression of a dominant‐negative inactive mutant of Myotubularin‐related phosphatase 3 (MTMR3). Mutant MTMR3 partially localized to autophagosomes, and PtdIns3P and two autophagy‐related PtdIns3P‐binding proteins, GFP‐DFCP1 and GFP‐WIPI‐1α (WIPI49/Atg18), accumulated at sites of autophagosome formation. Knock‐down of MTMR3 increased autophagosome formation, and overexpression of wild‐type MTMR3 led to significantly smaller nascent autophagosomes and a net reduction in autophagic activity. These results indicate that autophagy initiation depends on the balance between PI 3‐kinase and PI 3‐phosphatase activity. Local levels of PtdIns3P at the site of autophagosome formation determine autophagy initiation and the size of the autophagosome membrane structure. 相似文献
994.
Kristin I. Stanford Lianchun Wang Jan Castagnola Danyin Song Joseph R. Bishop Jillian R. Brown Roger Lawrence Xaiomei Bai Hiroko Habuchi Masakazu Tanaka Wellington V. Cardoso Koji Kimata Jeffrey D. Esko 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2010,285(1):286-294
Hepatic clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins depends on heparan sulfate and low density lipoprotein receptors expressed on the basal membrane of hepatocytes. Binding and uptake of the lipoproteins by way of heparan sulfate depends on the degree of sulfation of the chains based on accumulation of plasma triglycerides and delayed clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in mice bearing a hepatocyte-specific alteration of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1) (MacArthur, J. M., Bishop, J. R., Stanford, K. I., Wang, L., Bensadoun, A., Witztum, J. L., and Esko, J. D. (2007) J. Clin. Invest. 117, 153–164). Inactivation of Ndst1 led to decreased overall sulfation of heparan sulfate due to coupling of uronyl 2-O-sulfation and glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfation to initial N-deacetylation and N-sulfation of GlcNAc residues. To determine whether lipoprotein clearance depends on 2-O-and 6-O-sulfation, we evaluated plasma triglyceride levels in mice containing loxP-flanked conditional alleles of uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2stf/f) and glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 (Hs6st1f/f) and the bacterial Cre recombinase expressed in hepatocytes from the rat albumin (Alb) promoter. We show that Hs2stf/fAlbCre+ mice accumulated plasma triglycerides and exhibited delayed clearance of intestinally derived chylomicrons and injected human very low density lipoproteins to the same extent as observed in Ndst1f/fAlbCre+ mice. In contrast, Hs6st1f/fAlbCre+ mice did not exhibit any changes in plasma triglycerides. Chemically modified heparins lacking N-sulfate and 2-O-sulfate groups did not block very low density lipoprotein binding and uptake in isolated hepatocytes, whereas heparin lacking 6-O-sulfate groups was as active as unaltered heparin. Our findings show that plasma lipoprotein clearance depends on specific subclasses of sulfate groups and not on overall charge of the chains. 相似文献
995.
Toki Taira Maho Fujiwara Nicole Dennhart Hiroko Hayashi Shoko Onaga Takayuki Ohnuma Thomas Letzel Shohei Sakuda Tamo Fukamizo 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics》2010,1804(4):668-675
Class V chitinase from cycad, Cycas revoluta, (CrChi-A) is the first plant chitinase that has been found to possess transglycosylation activity. To identify the structural determinants that bring about transglycosylation activity, we mutated two aromatic residues, Phe166 and Trp197, which are likely located in the acceptor binding site, and the mutated enzymes (F166A, W197A) were characterized. When the time-courses of the enzymatic reaction toward chitin oligosaccharides were monitored by HPLC, the specific activity was decreased to about 5–10% of that of the wild type and the amounts of transglycosylation products were significantly reduced by the individual mutations. From comparison between the reaction time-courses obtained by HPLC and real-time ESI-MS, we found that the transglycosylation reaction takes place under the conditions used for HPLC but not under the ESI-MS conditions. The higher substrate concentration (5 mM) used for the HPLC determination is likely to bring about chitinase-catalyzed transglycosylation. Kinetic analysis of the time-courses obtained by HPLC indicated that the sugar residue affinity of + 1 subsite was strongly reduced in both mutated enzymes, as compared with that of the wild type. The IC50 value for the inhibitor allosamidin determined by real-time ESI-MS was not significantly affected by the individual mutations, indicating that the state of the allosamidin binding site (from − 3 to − 1 subsites) was not changed in the mutated enzymes. We concluded that the aromatic side chains of Phe166 and Trp197 in CrChi-A participate in the transglycosylation acceptor binding, thus controlling the transglycosylation activity of the enzyme. 相似文献
996.
Merina Akhter Ieyoshi Kobayashi Tamotsu Kiyoshima Kengo Nagata Hiroko Wada Yukiko Ookuma Hiroaki Fujiwara Jyun-ya Honda Hidetaka Sakai 《Journal of molecular histology》2010,41(4-5):185-191
We previously performed cDNA subtraction between the mouse mandibles at embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) and E12.0 to make a profile of the regulator genes for odontogenesis. Fifteen kDa interferon alpha responsive gene (Ifrg15) is one of several highly-expressed genes in the E12.0 mandible. The current study examined the precise expression patterns of Ifrg15 mRNA in the mouse mandibular first molar by in situ hybridization to evaluate the possible functional roles of this gene in odontogenesis. Ifrg15 mRNA was expressed in the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues of the mandible at E10.5 and E12.0. The Ifrg15 in situ signal was detected in the epithelial bud and the surrounding mesenchyme at E14.0, and was present in the enamel organ including the primary enamel knot, and in the underlying mesenchyme at E15.0. The in situ signal was restricted in the inner and outer enamel epithelia and the stratum intermedium at E16.0. The signal of Ifrg15 mRNA was further restricted to the inner enamel epithelium and the adjacent stratum intermedium at E17.0 and E18.0. Consequently, the expression of Ifrg15 mRNA was localized in the ameloblasts and odontoblasts at postnatal days 1.0 to 3.0. However, the in situ signal was markedly weaker than at the embryonic period. The expression of Ifrg15 mRNA was coincidently observed in various craniofacial organs as well as in the tooth germ. These results suggest that Ifrg15 is closely related to odontogenesis, especially the differentiation of the ameloblasts and odontoblasts, and to the morphogenesis of the craniofacial organs. 相似文献
997.
Koji Isodono Tomosaburo Takahashi Hiroko Imoto Naohiko Nakanishi Takehiro Ogata Satoshi Asada Atsuo Adachi Tomomi Ueyama Hidemasa Oh Hiroaki Matsubara 《PloS one》2010,5(3)
To identify novel transmembrane and secretory molecules expressed in cardiac myocytes, signal sequence trap screening was performed in rat neonatal cardiac myocytes. One of the molecules identified was a transmembrane protein, prostatic androgen repressed message-1 (PARM-1). While PARM-1 has been identified as a gene induced in prostate in response to castration, its function is largely unknown. Our expression analysis revealed that PARM-1 was specifically expressed in hearts and skeletal muscles, and in the heart, cardiac myocytes, but not non-myocytes expressed PARM-1. Immunofluorescent staining showed that PARM-1 was predominantly localized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In Dahl salt-sensitive rats, high-salt diet resulted in hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure, and significantly stimulated PARM-1 expression in the hearts, with a concomitant increase in ER stress markers such as GRP78 and CHOP. In cultured cardiac myocytes, PARM-1 expression was stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines, but not by hypertrophic stimuli. A marked increase in PARM-1 expression was observed in response to ER stress inducers such as thapsigargin and tunicamycin, which also induced apoptotic cell death. Silencing PARM-1 expression by siRNAs enhanced apoptotic response in cardiac myocytes to ER stresses. PARM-1 silencing also repressed expression of PERK and ATF6, and augmented expression of CHOP without affecting IRE-1 expression and JNK and Caspase-12 activation. Thus, PARM-1 expression is induced by ER stress, which plays a protective role in cardiac myocytes through regulating PERK, ATF6 and CHOP expression. These results suggested that PARM-1 is a novel ER transmembrane molecule involved in cardiac remodeling in hypertensive heart disease. 相似文献
998.
Kristina M. Utzschneider Anne Van de Lagemaat Mirjam V. Faulenbach Julia H. Goedecke Darcy B. Carr Edward J. Boyko Wilfred Y. Fujimoto Steven E. Kahn 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2010,18(9):1781-1787
Although obesity is associated with insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome (MetS), some obese individuals are metabolically healthy. Conversely, some lean individuals are insulin resistant (IR) and at increased cardiometabolic risk. To determine the relative importance of insulin sensitivity, BMI and waist circumference (WC) in predicting MetS, we studied these two extreme groups in a high‐risk population. One thousand seven hundred and sixty six subjects with a first‐degree relative with type 2 diabetes were stratified by BMI and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR) into groups. IR groups had higher triglycerides, fasting glucose, and more diabetes than their BMI‐group insulin sensitive (IS) counterparts. Within both IS and IR groups, obesity was associated with higher HOMAIR and diastolic blood pressure (BP), but no difference in other metabolic variables. MetS (Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII)) prevalence was higher in IR groups (P < 0.001) and more subjects met each MetS criterion (P < 0.001). Within each BMI category, HOMAIR independently predicted MetS (P < 0.001) whereas WC did not. Within IS and IR groups, age and WC, but not BMI, were independent determinants of MetS (P < 0.001). WC was a less meaningful predictor of MetS at higher values of HOMAIR. HOMAIR was a better predictor of MetS than WC or BMI (receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve 0.76 vs. 0.65 vs. 0.59, P < 0.001). In conclusion, insulin sensitivity rather than obesity is the major predictor of MetS and is better than WC at identifying obese individuals with a healthier metabolic profile. Further, as many lean individuals with a first‐degree relative with type 2 diabetes are IR and metabolically unhealthy, they may all benefit from metabolic testing. 相似文献
999.
Jesmin S Zaedi S Maeda S Togashi H Yamaguchi I Goto K Miyauchi T 《Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)》2006,231(6):919-924
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in hypertension, heart failure, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary hypertension. In all these conditions, plasma immunoreactive ET-1 levels are elevated, and tissue ET-1 expression is increased. Clinical trials have demonstrated potentially important benefits of ET antagonism among patients with essential hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure. It is unknown whether ET antagonism affects the production of ET-1 in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) heart at the typical hypertensive stage. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ET blockade on the expression levels of plasma and cardiac ET-1 in SHRSPs. SHRSPs were treated for 3 months with SB209670 (ET(A)/ET(B) dual receptor antagonist) or with saline (vehicle) commencing at the prehypertensive stage (age 6 weeks). Plasma and left ventricular ET-1 peptide levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Compared with age-matched control Wistar-Kyoto rats, peptide levels of ET-1 were significantly upregulated in vehicle-treated SHRSP heart; this upregulation was reversed by long-term ET antagonism. Plasma ET-1 levels were also significantly increased in vehicle-treated SHRSPs and were normalized by ET antagonism. mRNA expression of preproET-1, which is the source of ET-1 peptide production, was significantly increased in vehicle-treated SHRSP heart and was normalized by ET antagonism. Marked cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis at the histologic level in SHRSPs were ameliorated by ET antagonism, and left ventricular hypertrophy as seen on echocardiography in SHRSPs was suppressed by ET blockade. After ET antagonism, systolic blood pressures were reduced in SHRSPs; diastolic blood pressures were unchanged. The reversal effect of the upregulated ET system in SHRSP heart by ET antagonism might be independent of blood pressure change. By suppressing the upregulated ET system, ET antagonism might be beneficial in arresting cardiac remodeling. 相似文献
1000.
Yokouchi H Fukuoka Y Mukoyama D Calugay R Takeyama H Matsunaga T 《Environmental microbiology》2006,8(7):1155-1163
Limitations in obtaining sufficient specimens and difficulties in extracting high quality DNA from environmental samples have impeded understanding of the structure of microbial communities. In this study, multiple displacement amplification (MDA) using phi29 polymerase was applied to overcome these hindrances. Optimization of the reaction conditions for amplification of the bacterial genome and evaluation of the MDA product were performed using cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. An 8-h MDA reaction yielded a sufficient quantity of DNA from an initial amount of 0.4 ng, which is equivalent to approximately 10(5) cells. Uniform amplification of genes randomly selected from the cyanobacterial genome was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The metagenome from bacteria associated with scleractinian corals was used for whole-genome amplification using phi29 polymerase to analyse the microbial diversity. Unidentified bacteria with less than 93% identity to the closest 16S rDNA sequences deposited in DNA Data Bank of Japan were predominantly detected from the coral-associated bacterial community before and after the MDA procedures. Sequencing analysis indicated that alpha-Proteobacteria was the dominant group in Pocillopora damicornis. This study demonstrates that MDA techniques are efficient for genome wide investigation to understand the actual microbial diversity in limited bacterial samples. 相似文献