Molecular basis of F-actin regulation and sarcomere assembly via myotilin

Sarcomeres, the basic contractile units of striated muscle cells, contain arrays of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments that slide past each other during contraction. The Ig-like domain-containing protein myotilin provides structural integrity to Z-discs—the boundaries between adjacent sarcomeres. Myotilin binds to Z-disc components, including F-actin and α-actinin-2, but the molecular mechanism of binding and implications of these interactions on Z-disc integrity are still elusive. To illuminate them, we used a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering, cross-linking mass spectrometry, and biochemical and molecular biophysics approaches. We discovered that myotilin displays conformational ensembles in solution. We generated a structural model of the F-actin:myotilin complex that revealed how myotilin interacts with and stabilizes F-actin via its Ig-like domains and flanking regions. Mutant myotilin designed with impaired F-actin binding showed increased dynamics in cells. Structural analyses and competition assays uncovered that myotilin displaces tropomyosin from F-actin. Our findings suggest a novel role of myotilin as a co-organizer of Z-disc assembly and advance our mechanistic understanding of myotilin’s structural role in Z-discs.

Myotilin is a scaffold protein in the Z-disc, the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres, aiding structural integrity via multiple interactions, including F-actin and α-actinin-2. An integrative structural model of the complex between myotilin and F-actin reveals that myotilin displaces tropomyosin from F-actin, implying a novel role of myotilin in sarcomere biogenesis beyond a mere interaction hub.     

Shared reproduction and sex ratio adjustment to clutch size in a socially polymorphic orchid bee

Nests of the primitively eusocial orchid bee Euglossa viridissima are generally founded by a solitary female but can be reactivated by female offspring, in the presence or absence of the mother. The population therefore exists of solitary and social nests that co-occur in an area. A female can stay as a subordinate helper under a dominant female or disperse to become a solitary foundress. Yet, the costs and benefits of the different social phenotypes are so far little understood. Here, we compared solitary and social nests of orchid bees. We used offspring of solitary and social nests to calculate offspring sex ratio, and applied molecular markers to calculate intranidal relatedness, infer maternity and test whether sociality may have a genetic component. We found that social nests had on average more brood than solitary nests. The overall sex ratio in the population did not differ from 1:1. However, social nests tended to produce a split sex ratio with some nests producing mainly males and others mainly female offspring. Regardless of social phenotype, the number of offspring was correlated with the sex ratio, with smaller nests having a more female-biased offspring. In social nests, not all offspring resulted from a single-mated mother, which was also the case for some solitary nests. This suggests shared reproduction in social nests and may be an indication that intraspecific parasitism and nest takeover are not uncommon. Structure analyses did not reveal different genetic background of the two social phenotypes. Our results suggest that there is no clear benefit that favours one of the two social phenotypes over the other and that the population is kept at balance in terms of sex ratio.     

Die Ultrastruktur der Blattzellen junger und alter Mnium-Sprosse und ihr Zusammenhang mit der Ionenaufnahme

Zusammenfassung Die Blattzellen junger und alter Mnium-Gametophyten unterscheiden sich in ihrer Ultrastruktur. Das Plasma der jungen Blattzellen erscheint weniger dicht als das der alten Blättchen, enthält aber ein stärker ausgebildetes ER. Bei den jungen Blättchen finden sich zahlreiche Vesikel innerhalb des Tonoplasten. Besonders auffallende Unterschiede lassen sich zwischen den Chloroplasten der jungen und alten Moossprosse beobachten. Verglichen mit den Chloroplasten der jungen Blätter besitzen die der alten Blattzellen viel mehr Thylakoidmembranen, die große Grana bilden. Die Änderungen der Ultrastruktur mit dem Alter treten parallel zu früher beschriebenen Änderungen der Ionentransport-mechanismen auf. Einige Überlegungen über die Möglichkeit eines kausalen oder nur indirekten Zusammenhanges zwischen diesen Erscheinungen werden angestellt.

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Ultrastructure of the leaf cells of young and old branches of Mnium and its relation to ion uptake

Summary Differences in the ultrastructure of the leaf cells of young and old branches of Mnium are demonstrated. The appearance of the cytoplasm and the endoplasmatic reticulum membranes differs with the age of the leaves. In the young leaves numerous vesicles are found within the tonoplast. Quite pronounced are changes in plastid structure. Compared with those of the young leaves the chloroplasts of the old leaf cells have many more thylacoid membranes which form large grana. The changes in ultrastructure coincide with differences in transport phenomena reported earlier. A few speculations on the possible significance of this correlation are presented.