Microzooplankton and macrozooplankton glutamate dehydrogenase as indices of the relative contribution of these fractions to ammonium regeneration in the Gulf of Maine

Ammonium regeneration by micro- (35–153 µm) andmacrozooplankton (> 153 µm) was determined in the Gulfof Maine by measuring the activity of the excretory enzyme glutamatedehydrogenase (GDH) in various size fractions. GDH maxima weregenerally observed to correspond to the depth of the chlorophyllmaximum as previously reported in the Gulf of Mexico and inthe vicinity of the Nantucket Shoals. GDH activity of the microzooplanktonwas considerably lower than the macrazooplankton, suggestingthe microzooplankton made only a minor contribution (1–11%) to the total ammonium regenerated. These results were confirmedby biomass estimates made from counts of individual species.Ammonium excretion by both zooplankton fractions was estimatedto supply 5–31 % of the nitrogen requirements for primaryproduction, with an estimated 59–63% supplied by the verticaltransport of nitrate (new nitrogen) into the euphoric zone.     

Patterns of polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium for cystic fibrosis

Four polymorphic markers that map within 80 kb of an HTF island which is genetically very close to the cystic fibrosis locus have been identified. We have analyzed the linkage disequilibrium between each of these markers and the cystic fibrosis mutation in 89 families from four European countries, Denmark, Finland, Spain, and Great Britain. Strong linkage disequilibrium between three polymorphic sites and cystic fibrosis was observed. The markers on the J3.11 (D7S8) side of the HTF island show stronger disequilibrium than those on the met side. Linkage disequilibrium between markers and disease alters the probability that a person of a given haplotype is a carrier in some populations and helps to identify regions of a sequence that are most likely to contain the cystic fibrosis mutation.     

Isolation and Characterization of Mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 Deficient in Acetoacetyl-Coenzyme A:Acetate/Butyrate:Coenzyme A-Transferase (EC 2.8.3.9) and in Other Solvent Pathway Enzymes

Mutants of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 exhibiting resistance to 2-bromobutyrate or rifampin were isolated after nitrosoguanidine treatment. Mutants were screened for solvent production by using an automated alcohol test system. Isolates were analyzed for levels of butanol, ethanol, acetone, butyrate, acetate, and acetoin in stationary-phase batch cultures. The specific activities of NADH- and NADPH-dependent butanol dehydrogenase and butyraldehyde dehydrogenase as well as those of acetoacetyl-coenzyme A:acetate/butyrate:coenzyme A-transferase (butyrate-acetoacetate coenzyme A-transferase [EC 2.8.3.9]) (CoA-transferase), butyrate kinase, and phosphotransbutyrylase were measured at the onset of stationary phase. Rifampin-resistant strain D10 and 2-bromobutyrate mutant R were found to be deficient in only CoA-transferase, while several other mutants exhibited reduced butyraldehyde dehydrogenase and butanol dehydrogenase activities as well. The colony morphology of 2-bromobutyrate mutant R was similar to that of the parent on RCM medium; however, it had about 1/10 the level of CoA-transferase and increased levels of butanol dehydrogenase and butyraldehyde dehydrogenase. A nonsporulating, spontaneously derived degenerated strain exhibited reduced levels of butyraldehyde dehydrogenase, butanol, dehydrogenase, and CoA-transferase compared with those of the original strain. When C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was grown on medium containing low levels of 2-bromobutyrate, an altered colony morphology was observed. Not all strains resistant to 2-bromobutyrate (12 mM) were non-solvent-producing strains.     

Effects of stream order and season on mineralization of [14C]-phenol in streams

Mineralization of trace levels of [¹⁴C]-phenol by heterotrophic microorganisms was quantified at 4 sites along a river continuum in southwestern Virginia. Significant phenol mineralization rates were detected in surface sediment and seston samples at all sites from August 1985 through May 1986. Phenol degradation was strongly affected by season (ANOVA; P < 0.0001). From a baseline rate in August (range: 1.19 × 10^-5 to 897 × 10^-4 mg phenol mineralized mg AFDW^-1 h^-1) phenol mineralization rose to a yearly maximum in October (range: 1.21 × 10^-4 to 1.16 × 10^-3 mg phenol mineralized mg AFDW^-1 h^-1) despite decreasing stream temperatures. This autumnal peak in phenol degradation was attributed to the pulsed input of allochthonous detritus, especially leaf litter, which contains substantial quantities of phenols and related compounds. Although phenol mineralization was significant in these streams, phenols were metabolized at much slower rates than more labile compounds present in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. Estimates of turnover rates for three major components of DOM revealed that glucose and glutamate turnover rates (0.064–0.140 h^-1 mg sediment AFDW^-1 and 0.140–0.610 h^-1 mg sediment AFDW^-1, respectively) were, respectively, 2.2–4.7 × and 9.6–16.9 × greater than phenol turnover rates (0.015–0.064 h^-1 mg sediment AFDW^-1). Although the relatively low rates of utilization of refractory phenolic materials suggest that these compounds may accumulate and become more prevalent components of the DOM pool, phenol concentrations at the 4 study sites remained below detectable levels (i.e., < 1 g 1^-1) throughout the study. Consequently, it seems that although phenolic materials are metabolized more slowly than labile DOM, phenols are degraded at rates which preclude accumulation in the water column.     

Exemplars and the reproduction of everyday life: The Amherst affair

Frederick Errington is Aaaociate Professor of Anthropology, at Keene State College, New Hampshire. Deborah Gewertz is Professor of Anthropology, at Amherst College, Massachusetts.