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301.
Effects of context on judgements of odor intensities in humans 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
This study evaluated whether the intensity of previously smelled odors
could unintentionally influence the subsequent judgement of odor intensity.
The predicted context effect was based on the adaptation- level theory.
Before and 25 min after either WEAK or STRONG biasing odor concentrations,
51 subjects were required to rate the intensity of 10 different odor
concentrations of California Orange Oil. After the WEAK bias, subjects
judged the odor intensity as being stronger than they did after the STRONG
bias. Thus the intensity of odors smelled 25 min earlier can
unintentionally influence subsequent odor intensity judgement. The findings
are discussed in the light of two alternative explanations, namely, a
central implicit memory process and a stimulus- level-based change at the
peripheral level.
相似文献
302.
Luisa María Sierra Albert Pastink Madeleine JM Nivard Ekkehart W. Vogel 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1993,237(3):370-374
Summary The DNA base sequence changes induced by diethyl sulfate (DES) were analyzed in postmeiotic male germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster. 31 transmissible vermilion mutants were recovered in F1 and F2 generations, with a frequency of 2.6 × 10–4 for the F1, and of 1.8–13 × 10–4 for the F2. The results show that DES induces both base pair substitutions (93%) and deletions (7%). In accord with its relatively high ability to alkylate oxygens in DNA, the most frequent type of sequence alteration among the basepair changes are GC-AT transitions, accounting for 73% of mutations, followed by transversions AT-TA (10%). DES also induced AT-GC transitions and AT-CG transversions. Both induced deletions were intralocus deletions, not occurring between basepair repeats. No influence of neighboring bases on the mutation position was found. 相似文献
303.
Nucleotide sequence of the D-loop region of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) mitochondrial genome 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
We have amplified, by the polymerase chain reaction, and have sequenced the
D-loop region of the mitochondrial DNA from the sperm whale (Physeter
macrocephalus). The sperm whale D-loop was aligned with D- loop sequences
from four other cetaceans (Commerson's dolphin, orca, fin whale, and minke
whale) and an out-group (cow). This alignment showed the sperm whale
sequence to be larger than that of other cetaceans. In addition, some
sequence blocks were highly conserved among all six species, suggesting
roles in the functioning of mitochondrial DNA. Other blocks that were
previously reported to be well conserved among cetaceans showed little
sequence conservation with the sperm whale D-loop, which argues against the
functional importance of these sequence blocks in cetaceans.
相似文献
304.
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307.
Deuterostome phylogeny and the sister group of the chordates: evidence from molecules and morphology 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:10
Complete coding regions of the 18S rRNA gene of an enteropneust
hemichordate and an echinoid and ophiuroid echinoderm were obtained and
aligned with 18S rRNA gene sequences of all major chordate clades and four
outgroups. Gene sequences were analyzed to test morphological character
phylogenies and to assess the strength of the signal. Maximum- parsimony
analysis of the sequences fails to support a monophyletic Chordata; the
urochordates form the sister taxon to the hemichordates, and together this
clade plus the echinoderms forms the sister taxon to the cephalochordates
plus craniates. Decay, bootstrap, and tree-length distribution analyses
suggest that the signal for inference of dueterostome phylogeny is weak in
this molecule. Parsimony analysis of morphological plus molecular
characters supports both monophyly of echinoderms plus enteropneust
hemichordates and a sister group relationship of this clade to chordates.
Evolutionary parsimony does not support chordate monophyly.
Neighbor-joining, Fitch-Margoliash, and maximum-likelihood analyses support
a chordate lineage that is the sister group to an
echinoderm-plus-hemichordate lineage. The results illustrate both the
limitations of the 18S rRNA molecule alone for high- level phylogeny
inference and the importance of considering both molecular and
morphological data in phylogeny reconstruction.
相似文献
308.
Understanding how disturbance shapes the dynamics of ecological systems is of fundamental importance in ecology. One emerging approach to revealing and appreciating disturbance effects involves examining disturbance-driven changes in the variability of ecological responses. Variability is rarely employed as a response variable to assess the influence of disturbance, but recent studies indicate that it can be an extremely sensitive metric, capturing differences obscured by averaging and conveying important ecological information about underlying causal processes. In this paper, we present a conceptual model to understand and predict the effects of disturbance on variability. The model estimates qualitative changes in variability by considering disturbance extent, frequency and intensity, as well as ecosystem recovery, and thereby captures not only the immediate effects of disturbance but also those that arise over time due to the biotic response to an event. We evaluate how well the model performs by comparing predictions with empirical results from studies examining a wide variety of disturbances and ecosystems, and discuss factors that may modify or even confound predictions. We include a concise guide to characterizing and detecting changes in variability, highlighting the most common and easily applied methods and conclude by describing several future directions for research. By considering variability as a response to disturbance, we gain another metric of fundamental system behaviour, an improved ability to identify organizing features of ecosystems and a better understanding of the predictability of disturbance-driven change – all critical aspects of assessing ecosystem response to disturbance. 相似文献
309.
310.
Rieke Alten Hermann Gram Leo A Joosten Bvanden Wim Berg Joachim Sieper Siegfrid Wassenberg Gerd Burmester Piet van Riel Maria Diaz-Lorente Gerardus JM Bruin Thasia G Woodworth Christiane Rordorf Yannik Batard Andrew M Wright Thomas Jung 《Arthritis research & therapy》2008,10(3):1-9