Resistance of Anhydrobiotic Aphelenchus avenae to Methyl Bromide Fumigation

The effect of methyl bromide (MB) was tested on active and anhydrobiotic Aphelenchus avenae. A. avenae was induced into anhydrobiosis by three different techniques. Both active and anhydrobiotic nematodes were subjected to 3,000 μ1 MB/liter air for 14 periods from 0 to 82 h. Anhydrobiotic nematodes were more resistant to fumigation than active nematodes, regardless of the technique used to induce anhydrobiosis. The percent survival decreased with increasing MB exposures (μ1 MB × h). For an LD₉₅ of 45,000-54,000 μ1/1 × h were required for active nematodes and >279,000 μ1/1 × h for anhydrobiotic nematodes.     

Differences in membrane lipid composition and fluidity of transplanted GRSL lymphoma cells, depending on their site of growth in the mouse

GRSL lymphoma cells were isolated from various growth sites in the host. The relative membrane lipid fluidities of these cells and of normal lymphoid cells were estimated by fluorescence polarization, using the probe diphenylhexatriene and by measuring the (free) cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio in whole cells. The results indicate that the membrane fluidity (reciprocal of the lipid structural order) of the lymphoma cells increases in the order of their location: peripheral blood less than spleen less than mesenterial lymph node less than ascites fluid. The membrane fluidities of normal lymphocytes from thymus, mesenterial lymph node and spleen were about the same, but higher than of peripheral blood lymphocytes, and between those of the lymphoma cells from lymph node and spleen. These results are confirmed by more extensive analysis on purified plasma membranes from the splenic and ascitic GRSL lymphoma cells and from normal splenocytes and thymocytes. The significantly higher lipid order parameter found in the GRSL plasma membrane isolated from the spleen as compared to those from the ascites cells could be fully explained by the differences measured in the major chemical determinants of the fluidity, i.e., the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, the sphingomyelin content and the degree of saturation of the fatty acyl groups of the phospholipids. It was also found that the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in erythrocyte membranes isolated from the peripheral blood of the tumor bearers was higher than in those from normal control mice. The observed differences in membrane fluidity between distinct subsets of tumor cells may be relevant to the sensitivity of these cells to immune attack or to drugs.     

Thermographic visualization of cell death in tobacco and Arabidopsis

Pending cell death was visualized by thermographic imaging in bacterio‐opsin transgenic tobacco plants. Cell death in these plants was characterized by a complex lesion phenotype. Isolated cell death lesions were preceded by a colocalized thermal effect, as previously observed at sites infected by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) ( Chaerle et al. 1999 Nature Biotechnology 17, 813–816). However, in most cases, a coherent front of higher temperature, trailed by cell death, initiated at the leaf base and expanded over the leaf lamina. In contrast to the homogenous thermal front, cell death was first visible close to the veins, and subsequently appeared as discrete spots on the interveinal tissue, as cell death spread along the veins. Regions with visible cell death had a lower temperature because of water evaporation from damaged cells. In analogy with previous observations on the localized tobacco–TMV interaction ( Chaerle et al. 1999 ), the kinetics of thermographic and continuous gas exchange measurements indicated that stomatal closure preceded tissue collapse. Localized spontaneous cell death could also be presymptomatically visualized in the Arabidopsis lsd2 mutant.     

Hydrolysis of dansyl-peptide substrates by leucine aminopeptidase: origin of dansyl fluorescence changes during hydrolysis

The origin of the fluorescence changes observed in stopped-flow experiments of the hydrolysis of three 5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl-(dansyl) peptide substrates by porcine kidney cytosol leucine aminopeptidase has been investigated. The substrates used all have the potential to accept energy from aromatic residues of the enzyme via resonance energy transfer when they are bound as enzyme-substrate complexes, indicating that fluorescence changes due to the buildup and decay of such intermediates are possible. However, the fluorescence of these substrates differs from that of the products, and direct excitation of their dansyl groups during hydrolysis can also be responsible for the observed fluorescence changes due to changes in the concentrations of free substrate and product. The dansyl fluorescence changes observed with excitation wavelengths near 280 nm are not accompanied by quenching of the enzyme fluorescence, as would be expected if there were enzyme-to-substrate energy transfer. The magnitude of the maximal fluorescence change at a fixed concentration of substrate is also independent of the enzyme concentration. Furthermore, the excitation profile for the fluorescence changes shows that they arise from direct excitation of the dansyl group. Thus, there is no energy transfer in these reactions, and the fluorescence changes observed arise from direct excitation of the dansyl group and reflect the instantaneous concentration of substrate. This behavior contrasts sharply with that for the reaction of carboxypeptidase A with dansyl-Gly-Tyr, which has been studied as a positive control for an energy-transfer system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effect of Phosphate on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel and on the Composition of Corrosion Products in Two-Stage Continuous Cultures of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

A field isolate of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans was grown in defined medium in a two-stage continuous culture apparatus with different concentrations of phosphate in the feed medium. The first state (V1) was operated as a conventional chemostat (D = 0.045 h⁻¹) that was limited in energy source (lactate) or phosphate. The second stage (V2) received effluent from V1 but no additional nutrients, and contained a healthy population of transiently starved or resting cells. An increase in the concentration of phosphate in the medium fed to V1 resulted in increased corrosion rates of carbon steel in both V1 and V2. Despite the more rapid corrosion observed in growing cultures relative to that in resting cultures, corrosion products that were isolated under strictly anaerobic conditions from the two culture modes had similar bulk compositions which varied with the phosphate content of the medium. Crystalline mackinawite (Fe₉S₈), vivianite [Fe₃(PO₄)₂ · 8H₂O], and goethite [FeO(OH)] were detected in amounts which varied with the culture conditions. Chemical analyses indicated that the S in the corrosion product was almost exclusively in the form of sulfides, while the P was present both as phosphate and as unidentified components, possibly reduced P species. Some differential localization of S and P was observed in intact corrosion products. Cells from lactate-limited, but not from phosphate-limited, cultures contained intracellular granules that were enriched in P and Fe. The results are discussed in terms of several proposed mechanisms of microbiologically influenced corrosion.     

Patterns of reproduction and development of selected resident teleosts of Florida salt marshes

A wide variety of teleost fishes occur in tidal marshes of Atlantic and Gulf coasts of Florida, few of which breed in these habitats or remain there for extended periods of time. A significant fraction of teleosts that do so are members of one of five families. Eleven representative species belonging to these families, whose reproduction and development are considered here, include: Adinia xenica, Fundulus confluentus, F. grandis and F. similis (Fundulidae); Cyprinodon variegatus, Floridichthys carpio and Jordanella floridae (Cyprinodontidae); Gambusia holbrooki and Poecilia latipinna (Poeciliidae); Mugil cephalus (Mugilidae); and Dormitator maculatus (Eleotridae). Spawning or birth locations, patterns of growth and development, times of use of the salt marsh as a nursery area, and development of salinity tolerances/osmotic regulatory capabilities were evaluated for each, considering these in the context of variability of environmental conditions, especially of salinity. Five different patterns of reproduction are shown by these 11 species, and only A. xenica appears to be limited to reproducing in the salt marsh environment. Some of these species are capable of reproducing throughout the year. Several of the species are annuals, most others live only 2 or 3 years. Eight species (those other than M. cephalus, A. xenica and G. holbrooki) were found to show no size relationship, large juvenile to adult sizes, in osmotic regulatory capabilities.