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Frank Spencer 《American anthropologist》1998,100(3):805-806
Huxley: From Devil's Disciple to Evolution's High Priest. Adrian Desmond. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley. 1997.820 pp. 相似文献
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A Positive GATA Element and a Negative Vitamin D Receptor-Like Element Control Atrial Chamber-Specific Expression of a Slow Myosin Heavy-Chain Gene during Cardiac Morphogenesis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Gang Feng Wang William Nikovits Jr. Mark Schleinitz Frank E. Stockdale 《Molecular and cellular biology》1998,18(10):6023-6034
We have used the slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC) 3 gene to study the molecular mechanisms that control atrial chamber-specific gene expression. Initially, slow MyHC 3 is uniformly expressed throughout the tubular heart of the quail embryo. As cardiac development proceeds, an anterior-posterior gradient of slow MyHC 3 expression develops, culminating in atrial chamber-restricted expression of this gene following chamberization. Two cis elements within the slow MyHC 3 gene promoter, a GATA-binding motif and a vitamin D receptor (VDR)-like binding motif, control chamber-specific expression. The GATA element of the slow MyHC 3 is sufficient for expression of a heterologous reporter gene in both atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes, and expression of GATA-4, but not Nkx2-5 or myocyte enhancer factor 2C, activates reporter gene expression in fibroblasts. Equivalent levels of GATA-binding activity were found in extracts of atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes from embryonic chamberized hearts. These observations suggest that GATA factors positively regulate slow MyHC 3 gene expression throughout the tubular heart and subsequently in the atria. In contrast, an inhibitory activity, operating through the VDR-like element, increased in ventricular cardiomyocytes during the transition of the heart from a tubular to a chambered structure. Overexpression of the VDR, acting via the VDR-like element, duplicates the inhibitory activity in ventricular but not in atrial cardiomyocytes. These data suggest that atrial chamber-specific expression of the slow MyHC 3 gene is achieved through the VDR-like inhibitory element in ventricular cardiomyocytes at the time distinct atrial and ventricular chambers form. 相似文献
47.
Nisin stimulates oxygen consumption by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Nisin stimulated oxygen consumption by nongrowing, glucose-metabolizing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli cells, indicating a protonophore mode of action. A similar stimulation in E. coli cells osmotically stressed to disrupt the outer cell membrane confirmed the cytoplasmic membrane as the site of nisin action and showed that nisin uptake was not prevented by the outer membrane. 相似文献
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J. L. V. Broers Barbie M. Machiels Helma J. H. Kuijpers Frank Smedts Ronald van den Kieboom Yves Raymond Frans C. S. Ramaekers 《Histochemistry and cell biology》1997,107(6):505-517
A selection of normal human tissues was investigated for the presence of lamins B1, B2, and A-type lamins, using a panel
of antibodies specific for the individual lamin subtypes. By use of immunoprecipitation and two-dimensional immunoblotting
techniques we demonstrated that these antibodies do not cross-react with other lamin subtypes and that a range of different
phosphorylation isoforms is recognized by each antibody. The lamin B2 antibodies appeared to decorate the nuclear lamina in
all tissues examined, except hepatocytes, in which very little lamin B2 expression was observed. In contrast to previous studies,
which suggested the ubiquitous expression of lamin B1 in mammalian tissues, we show that lamin B1 is not as universally distributed
throughout normal human tissues as was to be expected from previous studies. Muscle and connective tissues are negative, while
in epithelial cells lamin B1 seemed to be preferentially detected in proliferating cells. These results correspond well with
those obtained for lamin B1 in chicken tissues. The expression of A-type lamins is most prominent in well-differentiated epithelial
cells. Relatively undifferentiated and proliferating cells in epithelia showed a clearly reduced expression of A-type lamins.
Furthermore, most cells of neuroendocrine origin as well as most hematopoietic cells were negative for A-type lamin antibodies.
Accepted: 4 February 1997 相似文献