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41.
Previous studies of the rapid rejection of MHC-disparate lymphocytes in rats, named allogeneic lymphocyte cytotoxicity, have indicated that rat NK cells express activating receptors for nonclassical MHC class I allodeterminants from the RT1-C/E/M region. Using an expression cloning system that identifies activating receptors associated with the transmembrane adapter molecule DAP12, we have cloned a novel rat Ly-49 receptor that we have termed Ly-49 stimulatory receptor 3 (Ly-49s3). A newly generated anti-Ly-49s3 Ab, mAb DAR13, identified subpopulations of resting and IL-2-activated NK cells, but not T or B lymphocytes. Depletion of Ly-49s3-expressing NK cells drastically reduced alloreactivity in vitro, indicating that this subpopulation is responsible for a major part of the observed NK alloreactivity. DAR13-mediated blockade of Ly-49s3 inhibited killing of MHC-congenic target cells from the av1, n, lv1, and c haplotypes, but not from the u or b haplotypes. A putative ligand was mapped to the nonclassical MHC class I region (RT1-C/E/M) using intra-MHC recombinant strains. Relative numbers of Ly-49s3(+) NK cells were reduced, and surface levels of Ly-49s3 were lower, in MHC congenic strains expressing the putative Ly-49s3 ligand(s). In conclusion, we have identified a novel Ly-49 receptor that triggers rat NK cell-mediated responses.  相似文献   
42.
Faberia Hemsl., a small genus of six species in the tribe Cichorieae, Asteraceae, has been karyologically investigated for the first time. All four studied species were revealed to have the somatic chromosome number 2n = 34, and thus the basic number of the genus was assumed to be x = 17. This rather high basic number has been previously reported very rarely in the tribe, occurring otherwise only in Warionia Benth. & Coss., a monospecific genus endemic to northwestern Africa, and in the American species of Lactuca L. The chromosome morphology was very similar among the four species, with the majority being median centromeric (m) and a few submedian centromeric (sm). In all the karyotypes the chromosomes were medium‐sized (6.33–1.61 μm), and showed a steady gradation in length from the longest to the shortest, with no evidence of bimodality. Our results strongly support the recognition of Faberia as an independent genus and the inclusion of Faberiopsis Shih & Y. L. Chen in Faberia.  相似文献   
43.

Objectives

To (1) identify social and rehabilitation predictors of nursing home placement, (2) investigate the association between effectiveness and efficiency in rehabilitation and nursing home placement of patients admitted for inpatient rehabilitation from 1996 to 2005 by disease in Singapore.

Design

National data were retrospectively extracted from medical records of community hospital.

Data Sources

There were 12,506 first admissions for rehabilitation in four community hospitals. Of which, 8,594 (90.3%) patients were discharged home and 924 (9.7%) patients were discharged to a nursing home. Other discharge destinations such as sheltered home (n = 37), other community hospital (n = 31), death in community hospital (n = 12), acute hospital (n = 1,182) and discharge against doctor’s advice (n = 24) were excluded.

Outcome Measure

Nursing home placement.

Results

Those who were discharged to nursing home had 33% lower median rehabilitation effectiveness and 29% lower median rehabilitation efficiency compared to those who were discharged to nursing homes. Patients discharged to nursing homes were significantly older (mean age: 77 vs. 73 years), had lower mean Bathel Index scores (40 vs. 48), a longer median length of stay (40 vs. 33 days) and a longer time to rehabilitation (19 vs. 15 days), had a higher proportion without a caregiver (28 vs. 7%), being single (21 vs. 7%) and had dementia (23 vs. 10%). Patients admitted for lower limb amputation or falls had an increased odds of being discharged to a nursing home by 175% (p<0.001) and 65% (p = 0.043) respectively compared to stroke patients.

Conclusions

In our study, the odds of nursing home placement was found to be increased in Chinese, males, single or widowed or separated/divorced, patients in high subsidy wards for hospital care, patients with dementia, without caregivers, lower functional scores at admission, lower rehabilitation effectiveness or efficiency at discharge and primary diagnosis groups such as fractures, lower limb amputation and falls in comparison to strokes.  相似文献   
44.
We examined how the sample representativeness of a single assemblage and the separation of two assemblages can be improved by finding appropriate combinations of sampling effort, taxonomical resolution and abundance weight for stream dwelling caddisflies as model organisms. We found that these parameters strongly influenced the outcome of multivariate analyses both individually and when considered jointly. This is the first study to show that sample representativeness of an assemblage can decrease with increasing sampling effort. We assume that the turnover rate of the assemblage and the rarity of the species are responsible for this phenomenon. We found that the separation of two assemblages can be improved by increasing sampling effort and applying abundance data. Further, we observed that the effect of taxonomical resolution on the separation of ecological assemblages was highly context-dependent. Decreased taxonomical resolution, i.e. changing from species to genus or to family, did not decrease, or even more increased the separation of assemblages. In sum, this study demonstrates the importance of the careful selection of sampling, laboratory and data processing related factors (i.e. sampling effort, taxonomical resolution, abundance weight) in the multivariate comparison of assemblages.  相似文献   
45.
A high efficient way for generation of recombinant Bombyx mori (silkworm) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus by Tn7‐mediated transposition in Escherichia coli was performed. The new system consists of a conditional replication donor vector pRCDM and an attTn7 site blocked E. coli containing BmNPV‐Bacmid. The donor vector contains a replication origin derived from R6Kγ, which propagated only in host cells with pir gene expression decreased in the transposition background greatly. Compared with original vector derived from pUC, the transposition efficiency increased from 5.7 to 66% (≈10 fold) when using conditional replication vector pRCDM transposition into original BmDH10Bac. A further effort to decrease the transposition background was made by blocking the attTn7 site in host E. coli genome. The resulting attTn7 occupied BmDH10BacΔTn7 resulted in a significant increase from 5.7 to 23% (≈4 fold) in the efficacy of generate recombinant BmNPV Bacmid by transposition. Furthermore, the transposition of BmDH10BacΔTn7 with pRCDM resulted typically in 100% white colonies, and it indicated that a zero transposition background was accomplished. This high efficient and zero background transposition system provides a new simple and rapid method for construction of recombinant BmNPV used to express target genes or produce gene‐delivery virus particles in silkworm. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009  相似文献   
46.
We have determined the nucleotide sequence coding for the chicken brain alpha-spectrin. It is derived both from the cDNA and genomic sequences, comprises the entire coding frame, 5' and 3' untranslated sequences, and terminates in the poly(A)-tail. The deduced amino acid sequence was used to map the domain structure of the protein. The alpha-chain of brain spectrin contains 22 segments of which 20 correspond to the repeat of the human erythrocyte spectrin (Speicher, D. W., and V. T. Marchesi. 1984. Nature (Lond.). 311:177-180.), typically made of 106 residues. These homologous segments probably account for the flexible, rod-like structure of spectrin. Secondary structure prediction suggests predominantly alpha-helical structure for the entire chain. Parts of the primary structure are excluded from the repetitive pattern and they reside in the middle part of the sequence and in its COOH terminus. Search for homology in other proteins showed the presence of the following distinct structures in these nonrepetitive regions: (a) the COOH-terminal part of the molecule that shows homology with alpha-actinin, (b) two typical EF-hand (i.e., Ca2+-binding) structures in this region, (c) a sequence close to the EF-hand that fulfills the criteria for a calmodulin-binding site, and (d) a domain in the middle of the sequence that is homologous to a NH2-terminal segment of several src-tyrosine kinases and to a domain of phospholipase C. These regions are good candidates to carry some established as well as some yet unestablished functions of spectrin. Comparative analysis showed that alpha-spectrin is well conserved across the species boundaries from Xenopus to man, and that the human erythrocyte alpha-spectrin is divergent from the other spectrins.  相似文献   
47.
Although Cimicifuga foetida L. (Ranunculaceae) has been shown to be a distinct species distributed only in northern Asia (Siberia, Mongolia), the Sino‐Himalayan species C. frigida Royle remains to be much confused with the Chinese endemic C. mairei H. Lév. The independent species status of C. frigida is recognized by some authors, but refuted by others. A cytogeographical study has shown that the ploidy level is well correlated with the geographical distribution of C. frigida and C. mairei. Cimicifuga frigida is a tetraploid (2n = 32) occurring in the Sino‐Himalayan region, whereas C. mairei is a diploid (2n = 16) occurring in central and southwestern China. There is only minor overlap in their geographical distributions in northwestern Yunnan, China. The ploidy level is also well correlated with the morphological characters, in particular the shape of the staminodes, which has previously been used as the only reliable morphological character to distinguish between C. frigida and C. mairei. The cytogeographical pattern, therefore, lends strong support for the recognition of the independent species status of C. frigida. This species is the only polyploid species currently known in the genus.  相似文献   
48.
The purpose of our research was to investigate the relative frequencies of different types of basketball shots (above head, hook shot, layup, dunk, tip-in), some details about their technical execution (one-legged, two-legged, drive, cut, …), and shot success in different levels of basketball competitions. We analysed video footage and categorized 5024 basketball shots from 40 basketball games and 5 different levels of competitive basketball (National Basketball Association (NBA), Euroleague, Slovenian 1st Division, and two Youth basketball competitions). Statistical analysis with hierarchical multinomial logistic regression models reveals that there are substantial differences between competitions. However, most differences decrease or disappear entirely after we adjust for differences in situations that arise in different competitions (shot location, player type, and attacks in transition). Differences after adjustment are mostly between the Senior and Youth competitions: more shots executed jumping or standing on one leg, more uncategorised shot types, and more dribbling or cutting to the basket in the Youth competitions, which can all be attributed to lesser technical and physical ability of developing basketball players. The two discernible differences within the Senior competitions are that, in the NBA, dunks are more frequent and hook shots are less frequent compared to European basketball, which can be attributed to better athleticism of NBA players. The effect situational variables have on shot types and shot success are found to be very similar for all competitions.  相似文献   
49.
This study demonstrates the debilitative effect of a coelomic gregarine, Diplocystis tipulae, on Tipula paludosa. The larvae were provided contaminated fresh grass leaves from a field where 40.0% of T. paludosa larvae were infected by this pathogen. Resultant infected larvae were separated into four groups according to infection level. Analysing their weights, lengths, and weight/length ratios showed that larval size decreased as infection level increased. Differences, especially at the lower and upper levels of the infection levels, were statistically significant. It was concluded that infection by D. tipulae affected the size of T. paludosa larvae resulting in smaller individuals.  相似文献   
50.
Global ecosystems are facing a deepening biodiversity crisis, necessitating robust approaches to quantifying species extinction risk. The lower limit of the macroecological relationship between species range and body size has long been hypothesized as an estimate of the relationship between the minimum viable range size (MVRS) needed for species persistence and the organismal traits that affect space and resource requirements. Here, we perform the first explicit test of this assumption by confronting the MVRS predicted by the range-body size relationship with an independent estimate based on the scale of synchrony in abundance among spatially separated populations of riverine fish. We provide clear evidence of a positive relationship between the scale of synchrony and species body size, and strong support for the MVRS set by the lower limit of the range-body size macroecological relationship. This MVRS may help prioritize first evaluations for unassessed or data-deficient taxa in global conservation assessments.  相似文献   
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