全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3840篇 |
免费 | 257篇 |
专业分类
4097篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 19篇 |
2022年 | 38篇 |
2021年 | 57篇 |
2020年 | 48篇 |
2019年 | 63篇 |
2018年 | 88篇 |
2017年 | 74篇 |
2016年 | 96篇 |
2015年 | 167篇 |
2014年 | 164篇 |
2013年 | 251篇 |
2012年 | 314篇 |
2011年 | 234篇 |
2010年 | 161篇 |
2009年 | 154篇 |
2008年 | 200篇 |
2007年 | 206篇 |
2006年 | 213篇 |
2005年 | 180篇 |
2004年 | 161篇 |
2003年 | 135篇 |
2002年 | 155篇 |
2001年 | 91篇 |
2000年 | 62篇 |
1999年 | 57篇 |
1998年 | 58篇 |
1997年 | 42篇 |
1996年 | 37篇 |
1995年 | 33篇 |
1994年 | 25篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 33篇 |
1991年 | 46篇 |
1990年 | 40篇 |
1989年 | 35篇 |
1988年 | 23篇 |
1987年 | 26篇 |
1986年 | 30篇 |
1985年 | 22篇 |
1984年 | 38篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 24篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 20篇 |
1977年 | 10篇 |
1976年 | 16篇 |
1975年 | 10篇 |
1974年 | 12篇 |
排序方式: 共有4097条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
81.
Plant cyclotides: an unusual class of defense compounds 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Plant cyclotides are unusual peptides with low molecular masses and a three-dimensional structure characterized by the presence of a cyclic fold. Synthetic peptides can adopt this circular conformation, but it is not a common feature for most members of other peptide groups. Cyclotides present a wide range of functions, such as the ability to induce stronger contractions during childbirth and anti-tumor activity. Additionally, some cyclotides present anti-viral, insecticidal or proteinase inhibitory activity. In this paper, we describe the structural and functional characteristics of plant cyclotides, their most conserved features and the development of these peptides for human health and biotechnological applications. 相似文献
82.
Mazzei F Guarrera S Allione A Simonelli V Narciso L Barone F Minoprio A Ricceri F Funaro A D'Errico M Vogel U Matullo G Dogliotti E 《Mutation research》2011,718(1-2):62-67
Several lines of evidence suggest an association between oxidative DNA-damage repair capacity and cancer risk. In particular, a DNA-glycosylase assay for removal of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) has been successfully applied to identify populations with increased risk for lung cancer and squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck. In order to verify whether EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) are a suitable surrogate for PBMC in specific DNA-repair phenotypic assays, a validation trial was conducted. PBMC from 20 healthy subjects were collected and an aliquot was transformed with EBV to obtain LCL. The ability of cell-free extracts from both cell types to incise a 3'-fluorescently labelled duplex oligonucleotide containing a single 8-oxoG (OGG assay) was evaluated. Since this activity is mediated predominantly by OGG1, the OGG1 gene expression was also measured. 8-oxoG DNA-glycosylase activity and OGG1 expression were significantly higher (p<0.0001) in LCL than in PBMC. However, while this assay was shown to be robust and reproducible when used on PBMC (intra-assay CV=8%), a high intra-culture variability was observed with LCL (intra-culture CV=16.8%). Neither differences on OGG1 gene expression nor the cell-cycle distribution seemed to account for this variability. Inter-individual variability of OGG activity in PBMC and LCL was not associated with OGG1 gene expression. We have therefore established a non-radioactive cleavage assay that can be easily applied to measure OGG activity in human PBMC. The use of LCL for DNA-repair genotype-phenotype correlation studies seems to be inappropriate, at least with cell-free based functional assays. 相似文献
83.
Transient Photoresponses of a Phototactic Microorganism, Haematococcus Pluvialis, Revealed by Light Scattering 下载免费PDF全文
Franco Angelini Cesare Ascoli Carlo Frediani Donatella Petracchi 《Biophysical journal》1986,50(5):929-936
A new method, using incoherent light scattering, has been developed to measure the flagellar beating frequency of swimming microorganisms. By means of this method, transient changes of flagellar beating frequency in response to white light flashes have been revealed in samples of a phototactic microorganism, Haematococcus pluvialis. An increase of flagellar beating frequency occurs when the flash dose (flash intensity × flash duration) is sufficient. Reciprocity between light intensity and flash duration holds for durations not exceeding 60-80 ms. For lower doses a bimodal distribution of flagellar beating frequency is revealed. No effect is observed for very low flashes or for red stimuli, whereas green light is effective. A detailed analysis of experimental results has allowed us to determine the characteristic time of the effect and follow its evolution. The correlation of this effect with visually observed behavior is discussed and a possible underlying mechanism is suggested. 相似文献
84.
Torella D Leosco D Indolfi C Curcio A Coppola C Ellison GM Russo VG Torella M Li Volti G Rengo F Chiariello M 《American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology》2004,287(6):H2850-H2860
Many older patients, because of their high prevalence of coronary artery disease, are candidates for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), but the effects of vascular aging on restenosis after PCI are not yet well understood. Balloon injury to the right carotid artery was performed in adult and old rats. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, apoptotic cell death, together with Akt induction, telomerase activity, p27kip1, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression was assessed in isolated arteries. Neointima hyperplasia and vascular remodeling along with endothelial cell regeneration were also measured after balloon injury. Arteries isolated from old rats exhibited a significant reduction of VSMC proliferation and an increase in apoptotic death after balloon injury when compared with adult rats. In the vascular wall of adult rats, balloon dilation induced Akt phosphorylation, and this was barely present in old rats. In arteries from old rats, Akt-modulated cell cycle check points like telomerase activity and p27kip1 expression were decreased and increased, respectively, compared with adults. After balloon injury, old rats showed a significant reduction of neointima formation and an increased vascular negative remodeling compared with adults. These results were coupled by a marked delay in endothelial regeneration in aged rats, partially mediated by a decreased eNOS expression and phosphorylation. Interestingly, chronic administration of L-arginine prevented negative remodeling and improved reendothelialization after balloon injury in aged animals. A decreased neointimal proliferation, an impaired endothelial regeneration, and an increase in vascular remodeling after balloon injury were observed in aged animals. The molecular mechanisms underlying these responses seem to be a reduced Akt and eNOS activity. 相似文献
85.
Antonio Arenas-Montes Ignacio García-Bocanegra Jorge Paniagua Juan José Franco Francisco Miró Manuel Fernández-Morente Alfonso Carbonero Antonio Arenas 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2013,59(2):299-303
A new method of sampling based on the extraction of blood from the cavernous sinus of the dura mater has been assessed in hunted wild boar. Blood from 139 animals was obtained by two different extraction methods: the harvesting from thoracic cavity (TC) and intracavernous venipuncture (IV). Sera obtained by the IV method had higher volume (mean 2.85 vs 1.85 ml), were less hemolytic (mean absorbance at 450 nm: 1.01 vs 2.41 nm). A higher number of samples and a higher proportion of sera collected by IV (90.6 %) compared to those obtained using the TC method (78.4 %), could be analyzed against Aujeszky’s disease using blocking ELISA. No statistically significant differences in seroprevalences between samples obtained using both extraction methods were observed. The results obtained indicate that the IV is an easy, fast, reliable, clean, and safe method to collect blood samples from hunted wild boar, proving a real alternative to the traditional collection method. 相似文献
86.
87.
Differentiation of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis strains by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Genetic diversity of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis strains isolated from naturally fermented sourdoughs of different origin was evaluated by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Computer-assisted comparison of the RAPD patterns revealed a clear separation of L. sanfranciscensis from other obligately heterofermentative Lactobacillus species closely related or normally present in sourdough. Six clusters, five of them constituted by strains of the same origin, were recognized at a similarity level of 63%. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) results on strains chosen as representative were generally in good agreement with the grouping obtained by RAPD. Both techniques showed a high degree of discriminatory power and indicated the existence of a remarkable genetic polymorphism within the species. Furthermore, the chromosome size of L. sanfranciscensis was estimated by PFGE to be about 1.4 Mb. 相似文献
88.
Isolation and Characterization of Polymeric Galloyl-Ester-Degrading Bacteria from a Tannery Discharge Place 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Franco AR Calheiros CS Pacheco CC De Marco P Manaia CM Castro PM 《Microbial ecology》2005,50(4):550-556
The culturable bacteria colonizing the rhizosphere of plants growing in the area of discharge of a tannery effluent were characterized.
Relative proportions of aerobic, denitrifying, and sulfate-reducing bacteria were determined in the rhizosphere of Typha latifolia, Canna indica, and Phragmites australis. Aerobic bacteria were observed to be the most abundant group in the rhizosphere, and plant type did not seem to influence
the abundance of the bacterial types analyzed. To isolate bacteria able to degrade polyphenols used in the tannery industry,
enrichments were conducted under different conditions. Bacterial cultures were enriched with individual polyphenols (tannins
Tara, Quebracho, or Mimosa) or with an undefined mixture of tannins present in the tannery effluent as carbon source. Cultures
enriched with the effluent or Tara tannin were able to degrade tannic acid. Six bacterial isolates purified from these mixed
cultures were able to use tannic acid as a sole carbon source in axenic culture. On the basis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequence
analysis, these isolates were closely related to organisms belonging to the taxa Serratia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella oxytoca, Herbaspirillum chlorophenolicum, and Pseudomonas putida. 相似文献
89.
Developing ovarian follicles of Bacillus rossius have been examined ultrastructurally in an attempt to understand how inception of vitel-logenesis is controlled. Early vitellogenic follicles are characterized by a thick cuboidal epithelium that is highly interlocked with the oocyte plasma membrane. Gap junctional contacts are present both at the follicle cell/oocyte interface and in between adjacent follicle cells. In addition, microvilli of follicle cells protrude deeply into the cortical ooplasm of these early vitellogenic oocytes. With the onset of vitellogenesis, wide intercellular spaces appear in the follicle cell epithelium and at the follicle cell/oocyte interface. Gap junctions become progressively reduced both on the follicle cell surface and on the oocyte plasma membrane. Microvilli from the two cell types no longer interlock. From a theoretical standpoint each of the two structural differentiations present at the follicle cell/oocyte interface—gap junctions and follicle cell microvilli—could potentially trigger inception of vitellogenesis. Gap junctions might permit the passage of a regulatory molecule, transferring from follicle cells to oocyte, which would control the assembly of coated pits on the oocyte plasma membrane. Alternatively cell interaction via microvilli might induce the appearance of coated pits, thus creating a membrane focus for vitellogenin receptors. Both possibilities are discussed in relation to current literature. 相似文献
90.
The interaction between a patient and a ventilator is the major determinant of the amount of respiratory muscle rest achieved by the machine. We are beginning to acquire a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this complex interaction, but this information has yet to be integrated into the routine clinical management of ventilator-supported patients. To achieve that goal, we need better techniques of detecting and monitoring patient-ventilation asynchrony, and the development of simple algorithms that can minimize its occurence. Finally, research is needed to determine the occurrence and importance of respiratory muscle fatigue during failed weaning attempts so as to better guide the timing and pace of the weaning process in problematic patients. 相似文献