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Tormopsolus orientalis Yamaguti, 1934, is redescribed from Seriola dumerili from off Corsica, Majorca and Águilas, SE Spain. The vitellarium is interrupted at the level of the ovary and both testes, and a bipartite seminal vesicle is found in many specimens. Oral sucker papillae are always seen. Type-specimens and voucher specimens from off Japan, Bermuda, Panama, Curaçao and the Great Barrier Reef have been compared with the Mediterranean species. Specimens of T. medius Reimer, 1983, from Mozambique have been studied and this species is synonymised with T. orientalis.  相似文献   
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Nitrogen is a limiting factor in tree growth and development. The incorporation of ammonium ions in carbon skeletons is catalyzed by the sequential action of the enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT). Most studies on nitrogen‐assimilating enzymes have been reported for annual crop plants. Knowledge of these enzymes in woody plants is much more limited, particularly at the molecular level. Here, we review current available information on glutamine/glutamate biosynthesis and chloroplast development in conifers.  相似文献   
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Biological Trace Element Research - The aim of the present study was to determine changes occurring in the erythrocyte concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in highly trained...  相似文献   
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Although the knowledge about biological systems has advanced exponentially in recent decades, it is surprising to realize that the very definition of Life keeps presenting theoretical challenges. Even if several lines of reasoning seek to identify the essence of life phenomenon, most of these thoughts contain fundamental problem in their basic conceptual structure. Most concepts fail to identify either necessary or sufficient features to define life. Here, we analyzed the main conceptual frameworks regarding theoretical aspects that have been supporting the most accepted concepts of life, such as (i) the physical, (ii) the cellular and (iii) the molecular approaches. Based on an ontological analysis, we propose that Life should not be positioned under the ontological category of Matter. Yet, life should be better understood under the top-level ontology of “Process”. Exercising an epistemological approach, we propose that the essential characteristic that pervades each and every living being is the presence of organic codes. Therefore, we explore theories in biosemiotics and code biology in order to propose a clear concept of life as a macrocode composed by multiple inter-related coding layers. This way, as life is a sort of metaphysical process of encoding, the living beings became the molecular materialization of that process. From the proposed concept, we show that the evolutionary process is a fundamental characteristic for life’s maintenance but it is not necessary to define life, as many organisms are clearly alive but they do not participate in the evolutionary process (such as infertile hybrids). The current proposition opens a fertile field of debate in astrobiology, epistemology, biosemiotics, code biology and robotics.

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Proton-gated TASK-3 K+ channel belongs to the K2P family of proteins that underlie the K+ leak setting the membrane potential in all cells. TASK-3 is under cooperative gating control by extracellular [H+]. Use of recently solved K2P structures allows us to explore the molecular mechanism of TASK-3 cooperative pH gating. Tunnel-like side portals define an extracellular ion pathway to the selectivity filter. We use a combination of molecular modeling and functional assays to show that pH-sensing histidine residues and K+ ions mutually interact electrostatically in the confines of the extracellular ion pathway. K+ ions modulate the pKa of sensing histidine side chains whose charge states in turn determine the open/closed transition of the channel pore. Cooperativity, and therefore steep dependence of TASK-3 K+ channel activity on extracellular pH, is dependent on an effect of the permeant ion on the channel pHo sensors.  相似文献   
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Molecular dynamics simulations of triclinic hen egg white lysozyme in aqueous solution were performed to calculate the intrinsic pKas of 14 ionizable residues. An all-atom model was used for both solvent and solute, and a single 180 ps simulation in conjunction with a Gaussian fluctuation analysis method was used. An advantage of the Gaussian fluctuation method is that it only requires a single simulation of the system in a reference state to calculate all the pKas in the protein, in contrast to multiple simulations for the free energy perturbation method. pKint shifts with respect to reference titratable residues were evaluated and compared to results obtained using a finite difference Poisson-Boltzmann (FDPB) method with a continuum solvent model; overall agreement with the direction of the shifts was generally observed, though the magnitude of the shifts was typically larger with the explicit solvent model. The contribution of the first solvation shell to the total charging free energies of the titratable groups was explicitly evaluated and found to be significant. Dielectric shielding between pairs of titratable groups was examined and found to be smaller than expected. The effect of the approximations used to treat the long-range interactions on the pKint shifts is discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  相似文献   
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