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111.
112.
Genetics of canine olfaction and receptor diversity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Olfaction is a particularly important sense in the dog. Humans selected for this capacity during the domestication process, and selection has continued to be employed to enhance this ability. In this review we first describe the different olfactory systems that exist and the different odorant receptors that are expressed in those systems. We then focus on the dog olfactory receptors by describing the olfactory receptor gene repertoire and its polymorphisms. Finally, we discuss the different uses of dog olfaction and the questions that still need to be studied. 相似文献
113.
Saidi H. Kapiga Fiona M. Ewings Tony Ao Joseph Chilongani Aika Mongi Kathy Baisley Suzanna Francis Aura Andreasen Ramadhan Hashim Deborah Watson-Jones John Changalucha Richard Hayes 《PloS one》2013,8(7)
Objectives
To prepare for future HIV prevention trials, we conducted prospective cohort studies among women working in food and recreational facilities in northern Tanzania. We examined the prevalence and incidence of HIV and HSV-2, and associated risk factors.Methods
Women aged 18–44 years working in food and recreational facilities were screened to determine their eligibility for the studies. Between 2008–2010, HIV-negative women were enrolled and followed for 12 months. At enrolment and 3-monthly, we collected socio-demographic and behavioural data, and performed clinical examinations for collection of biological specimens that were tested for reproductive tract infections. Risk factors for HIV and HSV-2 incidence were investigated using Poisson regression models.Results
We screened 2,229 and enrolled 1,378 women. The median age was 27 years (interquartile range, IQR 22, 33), and median duration working at current facility was 2 years. The prevalences of HIV at screening and HSV-2 at enrolment were 16% and 67%, respectively. Attendance at the 12-month visit was 86%. HIV and HSV-2 incidence rates were 3.7 (95% confidence interval, CI: 2.8,5.1) and 28.6 (95% CI: 23.5,35.0)/100 person-years, respectively. Women who were separated, divorced, or widowed were at increased risk of HIV (adjusted incidence rate ratio, aRR = 6.63; 95% CI: 1.97,22.2) and HSV-2 (aRR = 2.00; 95% CI: 1.15,3.47) compared with married women. Women reporting ≥3 partners in the past 3 months were at higher HIV risk compared with women with 0–1 partner (aRR = 4.75; 95% CI: 2.10,10.8), while those who had reached secondary education or above were at lower risk of HSV-2 compared with women with incomplete primary education (aRR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.22,0.82).Conclusions
HIV and HSV-2 rates remain substantially higher in this cohort than in the general population, indicating urgent need for effective interventions. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of conducting trials to test new interventions in this highly-mobile population. 相似文献114.
Twenty four shift workers (8 from a steel industry and 16 from a Government hospital) participated in the study. The subjects
were instructed to self-measure oral temperature, 4 6 times a day for about three weeks. Sleep quantity and quality for each
subject were analysed with the help of an appropriate inventory. The data were analysed by cosinor and power spectrum methods.
The frequency of circadian rhythm detection was in the order of 48% in senior nurses, 29% in steel plant workers and 14% in
junior nurses. These were also complemented by the results of power spectrum analysis. Present results suggest that rhythms
of subjective fatigue and subjective drowsiness are governed neither by oral temperature oscillator nor by the sleep/wake
cycle oscillator. The results show that shift rotation pattern chiefly modulates the circadian time structure of shift workers.
It is also suggested that the phenomenon of circadian rhythm desynchronization in oral temperature appears to be independent
of per day total sleep length. 相似文献
115.
1. To test whether differences in response to drought can help to explain the differing distributions of Briza media and Koeleria macrantha , changes in their leaf growth and water relations during soil drying were measured. After droughting, plants were re-watered and recovery recorded.
2. Leaf growth of the two species showed a similar sensitivity to drought with respect to duration of soil drying and soil moisture content.
3. In both species tiller base relative water content (RWC) was maintained at similar levels to controls until soil moisture content had fallen to less than 9%. This may aid survival in habitats subject to periodic droughting by preventing damage to the meristems.
4. Briza media did not respond to re-watering. However, plants of K. macrantha re-grew after periods of over 20 days of drought, when tiller base RWCs had fallen as low as 13%. This ability to resurrect may explain the occurrence of K. macrantha in xeric calcicolous grasslands subject to episodes of severe droughting, from which B. media is absent. 相似文献
2. Leaf growth of the two species showed a similar sensitivity to drought with respect to duration of soil drying and soil moisture content.
3. In both species tiller base relative water content (RWC) was maintained at similar levels to controls until soil moisture content had fallen to less than 9%. This may aid survival in habitats subject to periodic droughting by preventing damage to the meristems.
4. Briza media did not respond to re-watering. However, plants of K. macrantha re-grew after periods of over 20 days of drought, when tiller base RWCs had fallen as low as 13%. This ability to resurrect may explain the occurrence of K. macrantha in xeric calcicolous grasslands subject to episodes of severe droughting, from which B. media is absent. 相似文献
116.
Mills DA Xu S Geren L Hiser C Qin L Sharpe MA McCracken J Durham B Millett F Ferguson-Miller S 《Biochemistry》2008,47(44):11499-11509
Eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) and homologous prokaryotic forms of Rhodobacter and Paraccocus differ in the EPR spectrum of heme a. It was noted that a histidine ligand of heme a (H102) is hydrogen bonded to serine in Rhodobacter (S44) and Paraccocus CcOs, in contrast to glycine in the bovine enzyme. Mutation of S44 to glycine shifts the heme a EPR signal from g(z) = 2.82 to 2.86, closer to bovine heme a at 3.03, without modifying other properties. Mutation to aspartate, however, results in an oppositely shifted and split heme a EPR signal of g(z) = 2.72/2.78, accompanied by lower activity and drastically inhibited intrinsic electron transfer from CuA to heme a. This intrinsic rate is biphasic; the proportion that is slow is pH dependent, as is the relative intensity of the two EPR signal components. At pH 8, the heme a EPR signal at 2.72 is most intense, and the electron transfer rate (CuA to heme a) is 10-130 s(-1), compared to wild-type at 90,000 s(-1). At pH 5.5, the signal at 2.78 is intensified, and a biphasic rate is observed, 50% fast (approximately wild type) and 50% slow (90 s(-1)). The data support the prediction that the hydrogen-bonding partner of the histidine ligand of heme a is one determinant of the EPR spectral difference between bovine and bacterial CcO. We further demonstrate that the heme a redox potential can be dramatically altered by a nearby carboxyl, whose protonation leads to a proton-coupled electron transfer process. 相似文献
117.
Sébastien Givry Vincent Prevot Francis Duchiron 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(6):745-752
Consumption of hexoses/pentoses and production of lactic acid by Lactobacillus bifermentans were investigated in optimized culture medium and hemicellulosic hydrolyzates. The hydrolyzate used had the following composition
(expressed in gL−1): xylose 50 ± 5 gL−1; glucose 18 ± 3 gL−1; arabinose 29 ± 5 gL−1. The immobilization experiments were conducted with microbial cells entrapped in calcium alginate beads. The results indicate
that maximum concentrations of lactic acid were produced after 54 h of fermentation. All glucose and arabinose in wheat bran
hydrolyzate were consumed during fermentation. Only xylose was not completely consumed. The substrate consumption rate was
3.2 gh−1, 1.9 gh−1, 1.6 gh−1 respectively for glucose, arabinose, and xylose. The optimized culture condition gave a lactic acid concentration and metabolic
yield of 62.77 gL−1 and 0.83 gg−1. These parameters improved to 41.3 gL−1 and 0.47 gg−1 respectively, when cell free was used. 相似文献
118.
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120.
Taane G. Clark Kim Mallard Francesc Coll Mark Preston Samuel Assefa David Harris Sam Ogwang Francis Mumbowa Bruce Kirenga Denise M. O’Sullivan Alphonse Okwera Kathleen D. Eisenach Moses Joloba Stephen D. Bentley Jerrold J. Ellner Julian Parkhill Edward C. Jones-López Ruth McNerney 《PloS one》2013,8(12)