Conserved residues of tumour necrosis factor and lymphotoxin constitute the framework of the trimeric structure

Four distinct areas of primary sequence conservation between known tumour necrosis factor and lymphotoxin polypeptides from various species can be recognized. When these amino acid sequences are highlighted in the three-dimensional structure, all are found in the same region, constituting the framework of the trimeric structure.     

Cell swelling induced by the permeant molecules urea or glycerol induces immediate high amplitude thyrotropin and prolactin secretion by perifused adenohypophyseal cells

The permeant molecules, urea and glycerol, evoked a prompt secretory burst of TSH and PRL when added to the extracellular medium of acutely dispersed anterior pituitary cells. Secretion of both hormones was proportional to the concentration of urea or glycerol between 26 and 104 mM (r greater than 0.89, P less than 0.001). Equivalent concentrations of the impermeant molecule, mannitol, did not induce secretion. The acute TSH and PRL secretory responses to TRH, hyposmolarity, and permeant molecules were qualitatively indistinguishable. These data support our hypothesis that cell swelling and resultant plasmalemma expansion is a potent inducer of hormone secretion. Since the secretory response to permeant molecules was not reduced in a Ca2+-free medium containing 0.1 mM EGTA, an increase in Ca2+ transport across the plasmalemma to raise cytosol Ca2+ concentration does not appear involved.     

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of the genome of Streptomyces ambofaciens strains

The genome of four Streptomyces ambofaciens strains from different geographical origins (ATCC15154, DSM40697, ETH9247 and ETH 11317) was analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The PFGE technique has allowed the study of the extrachromosomal content of these strains and the characterization of their genomic DNA by restriction analyses. Electrophoretic migration of undigested DNA allowed us to detect a 80 kb-length linear molecule with concatemeric forms in S. ambofaciens ATCC15154. These extrachromosomal molecules were shown to be homologous to the circular plasmid pSAM1 (80 kb) suggesting that pSAM1 could exist not only in circular form but also in linear form. In the same way a 45 kb-length linear molecule was detected in S. ambofaciens ETH9427 and ETH11317. In contrast, no extrachromosomal DNA could be detected in S. ambofaciens DSM40697. The analysis of the macrorestriction patterns using the rate-cutting enzymes AseI and DraI indicated a close relationship between the DSM- and ETH- strains. Indeed, three types of restriction patterns were distinguished: while S. ambofaciens ETH9427 and ETH11317 were characterized by the same pattern and share more than 75% of comigrating fragments with the strain DSM40697, S. ambofaciens ATCC15154 exhibited a restriction pattern different from the other three. The total genome sizes of S. ambofaciens ATCC15154, DSM40697, ETH9427 and ETH11317 were estimated to be about 6500, 8000, 8200 and 8200 kb, respectively.     

The macrosatellites of the Toulouse goose: the major tandemly repetitive DNA in the toulouse goose genome

This paper examines the principal classes of repetitive DNA of the Toulouse goose (Anser anser) genome. There are four major classes and they are tandem repeats of less than 200 base pairs (bp). The longest repeat (class A) is 190 bp long and starts with a HinfI site. Class B is 43 bp long, commencing with a FokI site. Classes A and B show no extensive homology to DNA sequences held on a current data base (Genbank) but were confirmed to exist as major repeats in another strain of goose, the Emden goose (Anser anser) genome. Classes C and D are 5-bp repeats of 5' GAGAG 3' and 5' GGGAA 3', respectively. The macrosatellites C and D were compared with a current data base (Genbank) and were found to exist in a variety of other organisms as satellites.     

Waste water treatment using saline cultures of microalgae

Summary Survival of microorganisms (Escherichia coli has been used as an example) is affected by a combination of salinity and high pH induced by the active photosynthesis of marine microalgae (Aphanotece or Dunaliella sp.). This effect can be applied to create a more efficient wastewater treatment process using algal stabilization ponds.     

Insulin-stimulated alpha-(methyl)aminoisobutyric acid uptake in skeletal muscle. Evidence for a short-term activation of uptake independent of Na+ electrochemical gradient and protein synthesis.

1. The present study was designed to explore the mechanisms by which insulin stimulates system A of amino acid transport in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles, by using a system A analogue, alpha-(methyl)aminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB). 2. Insulin stimulation of MeAIB uptake was noted after only 30 min of incubation and was maximal at 60 min. Kinetics of the insulin effect on MeAIB uptake were characterized by an increased Vmax. without modification of Km for MeAIB. 3. Incubation of EDL muscles with cycloheximide for 90 min did not modify MeAIB uptake in either the presence or the absence of insulin, indicating the independence of insulin action from protein synthesis de novo. Incubations for 180 min with cycloheximide caused a decrease in basal MeAIB uptake; however, the percentage stimulation of amino acid transport by insulin was unaltered. Basal MeAIB uptake was increased by incubation for 180 min, but under these conditions no change in the percentage effect of insulin was found. 4. Ouabain, gramicidin D, or both, markedly decreased basal MeAIB uptake by EDL muscle, but the percentage effect of insulin was unaltered. 5. We conclude that insulin action on amino acid transport through system A in muscle is rapid, is characterized by an increased Vmax., and is independent of protein synthesis de novo and the Na+ electrochemical gradient. Our data are compatible with insulin acting directly on the system A transporter.     

Adipose-tissue-specific increase in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and mRNA amounts in suckling pre-obese Zucker rats. Effect of weaning.

The regulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene expression was studied during the onset of obesity in the genetically obese (fa/fa) rat by determination of GAPDH activity and hybridizable mRNA amounts in adipose tissue and liver from suckling and weanling rats. GADPH activity remained low throughout the suckling period, and a burst of activity occurred after weaning in both lean and obese pups. As early as 7 days of age, adipose tissue from pre-obese rats displayed a significant increase in enzyme activity, whereas no difference could be detected in the liver. In both suckling (16 days of age) and weanling (30 days of age) obese rats a proportionate increase in GAPDH activity and mRNA amounts was observed in adipose tissue, but not in liver. It is concluded that the obese genotype influences GAPDH gene expression at a pretranslational level and in a tissue-specific manner. This phenomenon could partly contribute to the hyperactive fat accretion in the obese rat, since glycolysis is the major metabolic pathway for lipogenic substrates in adipose tissue.