Chromosome aberrations caused by the effect of ultrasound in the meristematic cells ofvicia faba

In our present work the formation of chromosome aberrations has been studied in dependence on the tima interval between sonication and fixation of the primary root tips of Vicia faba. Maximum occurrence of aberrations was recorded immediately after sonication. The results of our experiments pointed to the fact that the frequency of the induced changes was independent on the sonic waves intensity within the range of 0-2—3-0 W/cm² and on ultrasond treatment duration within the range of 1—20 min. Studies of the distribution of chromosome abnormalities caused by ultrasound between the large and small chromosomes of theVicia faba meristematic cells in various time intervals showed that the frequency of the aberrations in both chromosome groups was proportional to its total metaphase lengths. Analysis of the type of aberrations observed in various time intervals after sonication indicated the simultaneous formation of chromosome and chromatide abnormalities.     

Eight newSalmonella types

Summary Eight newSalmonella types are described.S. houten, 43; Z₄, Z₂₃ :−, was isolated from a frog,S.tuindorp, 43: Z₄, Z₃₂: −,S. vleuten, 44: fg: −,S.zeist, 18: Z₁₀: Z₆, andS.soesterberg. 21: Z₄, Z₂₃: −, were isolated from lizards. S. kralingen (8), 20: y: Z₆, was isolated from peanuts andS. assen, 21: a: −, was isolated from a swine. All these strains were isolated in the Netherlands. S.mim, 13, 22: a: 1,6, was isolated from a rat in Ghana.     

Studies on the histochemical “leucine aminopeptidase” reaction

Summary A correlative chemical and histochemical study on the leucyl--naphthyl-amide-splitting activity is presented.In the first part comparison is made between homogenates and smears of strain L cells and ELD ascites tumor cells. It was concluded that only the available enzyme activity could be visualized by histochemical means. The growing tumor cells appeared to have more activity available than the strain L cells. The intensity of the histochemical LNAse reaction bore no correlation to the total enzymatic activity extractable. Most of the available activity seemed to reside in lysosome-like structures. Cell damage by repeated freezing and thawing increased the amount of activity available to substrate interaction.In the second part a comparison is made between chemical and histochemical results in four types of progressively growing transplanted or induced mouse tumors. Chemical data showed the occurrence of a mixed pattern of LNA-splitting enzymes, among which the previously described metal-dependent group constituted the main component in the tumor cells. In all cases and types of tumors a positive histochemical LNAse reaction was noticed both in growing tumor cells as well as in different parts of the stromal compartment. The intracellular reaction in tumor cells seemed confined mainly to lysosomal-like bodies. A positive stromal reaction seemed associated with the destructive (cytolytic and collagenolytic) activity at the tumor periphery. The stromal LNAse reaction was probably due to enzymes partly different from the intracellular ones. Additional enzymatic terms, including a chymotrypsin-like and/or a carboxypeptidase activity, may originate from various host cells. These contributions may be greatly increased by accumulation of inflammatory host cells as previously noted by Hess and Mottet.     

Golgi apparatus mediated polysaccharide secretion by outer root cap cells of Zea mays

Summary In the outer cap cells of roots of Zea mays, secretion is accompanied by hypertrophy of dictyosome cisternae with formation of large secretory vesicles. Vesicle contents are subsequently released from the protoplast by fusion of the vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane. The secreted material, a highly hydrated polysaccharide, was localized intracellularly by the periodic acid-Schiff reaction. Under appropriate conditions, the product moves outward through the cell wall after discharge from the protoplast, and appears as a droplet adhering to the root tip. Under conditions where the secretory product accumulates at the inner wall surfaces, no external droplet is formed.The secretory activity has an active phase that is sensitive to metabolic inhibitors and influenced by temperature (Q₁₀>2), and a passive phase that is independent of temperature, insensitive to metabolic inhibitors but sensitive to osmotic agents. The active phase is characterized by a temperature-independent periodicity (3 hours). Sucrose supplied to the growth medium increases the amount of polysaccharide secreted. Polysaccharide synthesis, segregation into vesicles, and discharge from the protoplast are assumed to require active metabolism; the step involving extrusion of polysaccharide through the cell wall region appears to be a passive process influenced by the degree of hydration of the polysaccharide and by cell turgor.Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Paper No. 2967; Charles F. Kettering Research Laboratory Contribution No. 261.