Global introductions of salmon and trout in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus</Emphasis>: 1870–2007

The purpose of this review is to provide a global perspective on Oncorhynchus salmonine introductions and put-and-take fisheries based on modern stocking programs, with special emphasis on freshwater ecosystems. We survey the global introductions of nine selected salmonines of the genus Oncorhynchus: golden trout, cutthroat trout, pink salmon, chum salmon, coho salmon, masu/cherry salmon, rainbow trout/steelhead, sockeye salmon/kokanee, and chinook salmon. The information is organized on a geographical basis by continent, and then by species and chronology. Two different objectives and associated definitions of ‘success’ for introductions are distinguished: (a) seed introduction: release of individuals with the purpose of creating a wild-reproducing, self-sustaining population; and (b) put-and-take introduction: release of individuals with the purpose of maintaining some level of wild population abundance, regardless of wild reproduction. We identify four major phenomena regarding global salmonine introductions: (1) general inadequacy of documentation regarding introductions; (2) a fundamental disconnect between management actions and ecological consequences of introductions; (3) the importance of global climate change on success of previous and future introductions; and (4) the significance of aquaculture as a key uncertainty in accidental introductions. We conclude this review with a recognition of the need to terminate ongoing stocking programs for introduced salmonines worldwide.     

The development of anoxia following occlusion

Following arteriolar occlusion, tissue oxygen concentration decreases and anoxic tissue eventually develops. Although anoxia first appears in the region most distal to the capillary at the venous end, it eventually spreads throughout the entire region of supply. In this paper the changing oxygen concentration, from the time of occlusion until the tissue is entirely anoxic, is examined mathematically. The equations governing oxygen transport to tissue are solved by iterating a nonlinear integral equation. This solution is valid until anoxia first appears. After anoxia develops it is necessary to solve a moving boundary problem. This is done using the method of matched asymptotic expansions, and accurate solutions are obtained for a wide range of physiological conditions.     

Boring Forminifera in French Polynesian coral reefs

The discovery of epipsammitic Foraminifera in sediments of Moorea and Scilly (French Polynesia) and the study of close relationships between embedded specimens and host-grains indicate that some species participate in the weakening and subsequent breakdown of skeletal grains and consequently contribute to the production of silt-sized particles. The study of 36 stations around the islands shows the factors that control the distribution and abundance of this incrusted microfauna. Specimens are more abundant on sand particles larger than 1,000 microns and in the high energy areas; this abundance decreases with depth. The physiological mechanism of penetrations is presumably chemical, but each species apparently has its own process: complete dissolution with removal of ions for the cytoplasm of calcareous species; partial dissolution with transport of silt-size aggregates on the test of agglutinated species. The purpose of such penetration may be to protect themselves against water turbulence and to provide material for test construction.