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171.
172.
Yang SH Chang SY Tu Y Lawson GW Bergo MO Fong LG Young SG 《Journal of lipid research》2012,53(1):77-86
Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) and protein geranylgeranyltransferase-I (GGTase-I) add 15- or 20-carbon lipids, respectively, to proteins that terminate with a CaaX motif. These posttranslational modifications of proteins with lipids promote protein interactions with membrane surfaces in cells, but the in vivo importance of the CaaX prenyltransferases and the protein lipidation reactions they catalyze remain incompletely defined. One study concluded that a deficiency of FTase was inconsequential in adult mice and led to little or no tissue pathology. To assess the physiologic importance of the CaaX prenyltransferases, we used conditional knockout alleles and an albumin-Cre transgene to produce mice lacking FTase, GGTase-I, or both enzymes in hepatocytes. The hepatocyte-specific FTase knockout mice survived but exhibited hepatocellular disease and elevated transaminases. Mice lacking GGTase-I not only had elevated transaminases but also had dilated bile cannaliculi, hyperbilirubinemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and reduced survival. Of note, GGTase-I-deficient hepatocytes had a rounded shape and markedly reduced numbers of actin stress fibers. Hepatocyte-specific FTase/GGTase-I double-knockout mice closely resembled mice lacking GGTase-I alone, but the disease was slightly more severe. Our studies refute the notion that FTase is dispensable and demonstrate that GGTase-I is crucial for the vitality of hepatocytes. 相似文献
173.
Borowsky AD Bandhuvula P Kumar A Yoshinaga Y Nefedov M Fong LG Zhang M Baridon B Dillard L de Jong P Young SG West DB Saba JD 《Journal of lipid research》2012,53(9):1920-1931
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid involved in immunity, inflammation, angiogenesis, and cancer. S1P lyase (SPL) is the essential enzyme responsible for S1P degradation. SPL augments apoptosis and is down-regulated in cancer. SPL generates a S1P chemical gradient that promotes lymphocyte trafficking and as such is being targeted to treat autoimmune diseases. Despite growing interest in SPL as a disease marker, antioncogene, and pharmacological target, no comprehensive characterization of SPL expression in mammalian tissues has been reported. We investigated SPL expression in developing and adult mouse tissues by generating and characterizing a β-galactosidase-SPL reporter mouse combined with immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and enzyme assays. SPL was expressed in thymic and splenic stromal cells, splenocytes, Peyer's Patches, colonic lymphoid aggregates, circulating T and B lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes, with lowest expression in thymocytes. SPL was highly expressed within the CNS, including arachnoid lining cells, spinal cord, choroid plexus, trigeminal nerve ganglion, and specific neurons of the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, midbrain, hindbrain, and cerebellum. Expression was detected in brown adipose tissue, female gonads, adrenal cortex, bladder epithelium, Harderian and preputial glands, and hair follicles. This unique expression pattern suggests SPL has many undiscovered physiological functions apart from its role in immunity. 相似文献
174.
Bautista TG Xing T Fong AY Pilowsky PM 《Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)》2012,112(7):1144-1156
A progressive and sustained increase in inspiratory-related motor output ("long-term facilitation") and an augmented ventilatory response to hypoxia occur following acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH). To date, acute plasticity in respiratory motor outputs active in the postinspiratory and expiratory phases has not been studied. The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) innervates laryngeal abductor muscles that widen the glottic aperture during inspiration. Other efferent fibers in the RLN innervate adductor muscles that partially narrow the glottic aperture during postinspiration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not AIH elicits a serotonin-mediated long-term facilitation of laryngeal abductor muscles, and if recruitment of adductor muscle activity occurs following AIH. Urethane anesthetized, paralyzed, unilaterally vagotomized, and artificially ventilated adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 10 exposures of hypoxia (10% O(2) in N(2), 45 s, separated by 5 min, n = 7). At 60 min post-AIH, phrenic nerve activity and inspiratory RLN activity were elevated (39 ± 11 and 23 ± 6% above baseline, respectively). These responses were abolished by pretreatment with the serotonin-receptor antagonist, methysergide (n = 4). No increase occurred in time control animals (n = 7). Animals that did not exhibit postinspiratory RLN activity at baseline did not show recruitment of this activity post-AIH (n = 6). A repeat hypoxia 60 min after AIH produced a significantly greater peak response in both phrenic and RLN activity, accompanied by a prolonged recovery time that was also prevented by pretreatment with methysergide. We conclude that AIH induces neural plasticity in laryngeal motoneurons, via serotonin-mediated mechanisms similar to that observed in phrenic motoneurons: the so-called "Q-pathway". We also provide evidence that the augmented responsiveness to repeat hypoxia following AIH also involves a serotonergic mechanism. 相似文献
175.
Fong JJ Nguyen BL Bridger R Medrano EE Wells L Pan S Sifers RN 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2012,287(15):12195-12203
O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine, or O-GlcNAc, is a dynamic post-translational modification that cycles on and off serine and threonine residues of nucleocytoplasmic proteins. The O-GlcNAc modification shares a complex relationship with phosphorylation, as both modifications are capable of mutually inhibiting the occupation of each other on the same or nearby amino acid residue. In addition to diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, O-GlcNAc appears to play a significant role in cell growth and cell cycle progression, although the precise mechanisms are still not well understood. A recent study also found that all four core nucleosomal histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) are modified with O-GlcNAc, although no specific sites on H3 were reported. Here, we describe that histone H3, a protein highly phosphorylated during mitosis, is modified with O-GlcNAc. Several biochemical assays were used to validate that H3 is modified with O-GlcNAc. Mass spectrometry analysis identified threonine 32 as a novel O-GlcNAc site. O-GlcNAc was detected at higher levels on H3 during interphase than mitosis, which inversely correlated with phosphorylation. Furthermore, increased O-GlcNAcylation was observed to reduce mitosis-specific phosphorylation at serine 10, serine 28, and threonine 32. Finally, inhibiting OGA, the enzyme responsible for removing O-GlcNAc, hindered the transition from G2 to M phase of the cell cycle, displaying a phenotype similar to preventing mitosis-specific phosphorylation on H3. Taken together, these data indicate that O-GlcNAcylation regulates mitosis-specific phosphorylations on H3, providing a mechanistic switch that orchestrates the G2-M transition of the cell cycle. 相似文献
176.
Laura Pirastru Mohamed Darwish Fong Lam Chu Fran?ois Perreault Louka Sirois Lekha Sleno Radovan Popovic 《Journal of applied phycology》2012,24(1):117-124
Under stress conditions, some microalgae up-regulate certain biosynthetic pathways, leading to the accumulation of specific
compounds. For example, changing nutrient composition can induce stress in algae’s physiological activities, which may trigger
an intense increase in carotenoid production. In this study, the change of photosynthetic functions and carotenoid production
in the green microalga Scenedesmus sp. was investigated when algal cultures were exposed to conditions including limited nitrogen content with the addition
of sodium acetate. Microalgal cultures were treated for 18 days under higher irradiance conditions. We observed a decrease
of chlorophyll content induced concomitantly with a decline of photosystem II and I photochemistry. At the same time, an important
increase in carotenoid content was detected. By using high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis, we found that the
secondary carotenoids astaxanthin and canthaxanthin were accumulated compared to controls. During the process of carotenoid
accumulation, chlorophyll degradation was found in addition to a strong decrease in photosynthetic electron transport. Such
changes may be associated with the structural reorganization of the photosynthetic apparatus and can be a useful indicator
of secondary carotenoid accumulation in algal cultures. 相似文献
177.
Fong P 《Biophysical reviews》2012,4(2):107-116
Transport mechanisms that mediate the movements of anions must be coordinated tightly in order to respond appropriately to
physiological stimuli. This process is of paramount importance in the function of diverse epithelial tissues of the body,
such as, for example, the exocrine pancreatic duct and the airway epithelia. Disruption of any of the finely tuned components
underlying the transport of anions such as Cl−, HCO3
−, SCN−, and I− may contribute to a plethora of disease conditions. In many anion-secreting epithelia, the interactions between the cystic
fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and solute carrier family 26 (SLC26) transporters determine the final
exit of anions across the apical membrane and into the luminal compartment. The molecular identification of CFTR and many
SLC26 members has enabled the acquisition of progressively more detailed structural information about these transport molecules.
Studies employing a vast array of increasingly sophisticated approaches have culminated in a current working model which places
these key players within an interactive complex, thereby setting the stage for future work. 相似文献
178.
To understand complex micro/nanoscale ECM stem cell interactions, reproducible in vitro models are needed that can strictly recapitulate the relative content and spatial arrangement of native tissue. Additionally, whole ECM proteins are required to most accurately reflect native binding dynamics. To address this need, we use multiphoton excited photochemistry to create 3D whole protein constructs or "modules" to study how the ECM governs stem cell migration. The constructs were created from mixtures of BSA/laminin (LN) and BSA alone, whose comparison afforded studying how the migration dynamics are governed from the combination of morphological and ECM cues. We found that mesenchymal stem cells interacted for significantly longer durations with the BSA/LN constructs than pure BSA, pointing to the importance of binding cues of the LN. Critical to this work was the development of an automated system with feedback based on fluorescence imaging to provide quality control when synthesizing multiple identical constructs. 相似文献
179.
Polarized cortical cues are known to guide spindle movements to dictate division axis and cleavage site during asymmetric cell division. In a recent issue of Nature Cell Biology, Kiyomitsu and Cheeseman (2012) report two novel spindle-intrinsic signals that regulate spindle orientation and position in symmetrically dividing human cells. 相似文献
180.