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51.
52.
Blaney Davidson EN Vitters EL van Lent PL van de Loo FA van den Berg WB van der Kraan PM 《Arthritis research & therapy》2007,9(5):R102
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been proposed as a tool for cartilage repair and as a stimulant of chondrogenesis.
In healthy cartilage, BMP-2 is hardly present, whereas it is highly expressed during osteoarthritis. To assess its function
in cartilage, BMP-2 was overexpressed in healthy murine knee joints and the effects on proteoglycan (PG) synthesis and degradation
were evaluated. Moreover, the contribution of BMP in repairing damage induced by interleukin-1 (IL-1) was investigated. Ad-BMP-2
was injected intra-articularly into murine knee joints, which were isolated 3, 7, and 21 days after injection for histology,
immunohistochemistry, and autoradiography. In addition, patellar and tibial cartilage was isolated for RNA isolation or measurement
of PG synthesis by means of 35SO4
2- incorporation. To investigate the role for BMP-2 in cartilage repair, cartilage damage was induced by intra-articular injection
of IL-1. After 2 days, Ad-BMP-2, Ad-BMP-2 + Ad-gremlin, Ad-gremlin, or a control virus was injected. Whole knee joints were
isolated for histology at day 4 or patellae were isolated to measure 35SO4
2- incorporation. BMP-2 stimulated PG synthesis in patellar cartilage on all days and in tibial cartilage on day 21. Aggrecan
mRNA expression had increased on all days in patellar cartilage, with the highest increase on day 7. Collagen type II expression
showed a similar expression pattern. In tibial cartilage, collagen type II and aggrecan mRNA expression had increased on days
7 and 21. BMP-2 overexpression also induced increased aggrecan degradation in cartilage. VDIPEN staining (indicating matrix
metalloproteinase activity) was elevated on day 3 in tibial cartilage and on days 3 and 7 in patellar cartilage, but no longer
was by day 21. Increased NITEGE staining (indicating aggrecanase activity) was found on days 7 and 21. In IL-1-damaged patellar
cartilage, BMP-2 boosted PG synthesis. Blocking of BMP activity resulted in a decreased PG synthesis compared with IL-1 alone.
This decreased PG synthesis was associated with PG depletion in the cartilage. These data show that BMP-2 boosts matrix turnover
in intact and IL-damaged cartilage. Moreover, BMP contributes to the intrinsic repair capacity of damaged cartilage. Increased
matrix turnover might be functional in replacing matrix molecules in the repair of a damaged cartilage matrix. 相似文献
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F C Rodrigues AJ JúniorHojaij I L Calvo C F de Carvalho 《Gegenbaurs morphologisches Jahrbuch》1987,133(4):665-672
50 dissections of the human inferior V. cava have been performed in order to measure its right renal vein - diaphragm, retrohepatic, and suprahepatic segments. We conclude that some individual parameters as skin type, age, height, weight did not influence the magnitude of the studied segments. The average measurements of the different parameters proposed for the inferior V. cava are: 1. The distances between the right renal vein and the diaphragm and between the right renal vein and the right atrium are 113.94 mm and 135.16 mm, respectively; 2. the length of the retrohepatic portion of the inferior V. cava and the suprahepatic one were 78.34 mm and 19.34 mm respectively; 3. the valve of the inferior V. cava is present in 46% of the observations; its length and width averages are 31 mm and 10.22 mm, respectively. 相似文献
55.
Much of community-ecology theory describes (or even assumes) constraints on the coexistence of species. These constraints are often described using functional characters as an index to the niche of the species. The hypothesis/assumption is that those species which are too similar in functional characters, and hence in niche, cannot coexist. However, this body of theory is rarely tested. We attempted a test by making a prediction of texture convergence that follows logically from the theory, yet is simple enough to test – one based on similarity of ecological assembly between the patches of a community. We used replicate quadrats within twelve herbaceous communities. Eleven characters were measured, that were intended to reflect the functional above-ground niche of the species. We examined each character in turn, to test for ecological convergence to a similar mean within each community, with species either weighted equally (i.e. using species presence) or weighted by their biomass. Convergence with species weighted by their biomass was seen in chlorophyll content, indicating a significant tendency for each patch in a community to comprise a rather constant mixture of species types in terms of their different chlorophyll contents. In terms of species presence, texture divergence occurred in leafiness (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf inclination, i.e. there was more variation between quadrats within a site than expected at random. However, significant results were sparse: the bulk of evidence is for no significant departure from a null model, i.e. no support for a widespread body of ecological theory. 相似文献
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Phylogenetic relationships within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from total molecular evidence 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
The Alcidae is a unique assemblage of Northern Hemisphere seabirds that
forage by "flying" underwater. Despite obvious affinities among the
species, their evolutionary relationships are unclear. We analyzed
nucleotide sequences of 1,045 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b
gene and allelic profiles for 37 allozyme loci in all 22 extant species.
Trees were constructed on independent and combined data sets using maximum
parsimony and distance methods that correct for superimposed changes.
Alternative methods of analysis produced only minor differences in
relationships that were supported strongly by bootstrapping or standard
error tests. Combining sequence and allozyme data into a single analysis
provided the greatest number of relationships receiving strong support.
Addition of published morphological and ecological data did not improve
support for any additional relationship. All analyses grouped species into
six distinct lineages: (1) the dovekie (Alle alle) and auks, (2)
guillemots, (3) brachyramphine murrelets, (4) synthliboramphine murrelets,
(5) true auklets, and (6) the rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) and
puffins. The two murres (genus Uria) were sister taxa, and the black
guillemot (Cepphus grylle) was basal to the other guillemots. The Asian
subspecies of the marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus perdix) was
the most divergent brachyramphine murrelet, and two distinct lineages
occurred within the synthliboramphine murrelets. Cassin's auklet
(Ptychoramphus aleuticus) and the rhinoceros auklet were basal to the other
auklets and puffins, respectively, and the Atlantic (Fratercula arctica)
and horned (Fratercula corniculata) puffins were sister taxa. Several
relationships among tribes, among the dovekie and auks, and among the
auklets could not be resolved but resembled "star" phylogenies indicative
of adaptive radiations at different depths within the trees.
相似文献
58.
59.
Series resistance compensation for whole-cell patch-clamp studies using a membrane state estimator 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques are widely used to measure membrane currents from isolated cells. While suitable for a broad range of ionic currents, the series resistance (R(s)) of the recording pipette limits the bandwidth of the whole-cell configuration, making it difficult to measure rapid ionic currents. To increase bandwidth, it is necessary to compensate for R(s). Most methods of R(s) compensation become unstable at high bandwidth, making them hard to use. We describe a novel method of R(s) compensation that overcomes the stability limitations of standard designs. This method uses a state estimator, implemented with analog computation, to compute the membrane potential, V(m), which is then used in a feedback loop to implement a voltage clamp; we refer to this as state estimator R(s) compensation. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we built an amplifier incorporating state estimator R(s) compensation. In benchtop tests, our amplifier showed significantly higher bandwidths and improved stability when compared with a commercially available amplifier. We demonstrated that state estimator R(s) compensation works well in practice by recording voltage-gated Na(+) currents under voltage-clamp conditions from dissociated neonatal rat sympathetic neurons. We conclude that state estimator R(s) compensation should make it easier to measure large rapid ionic currents with whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. 相似文献
60.