Influence of macrophage products on the release of plasminogen activator, collagenase, beta-glucuronidase and prostaglandin E2 by articular chondrocytes.

We describe the effects of products of mononuclear phagocytes on the secretory activity of chondrocytes. The primary confluent cultures of rabbit articular chondrocytes were exposed to standard medium alone or enriched with conditioned medium obtained from cultures of rabbit peritoneal macrophages, the mouse macrophage cell line P388D1 or human blood mononuclear cells. Four markers of release were assessed, the neutral proteinases plasminogen activator and collagenase, the acid hydrolase beta-glucuronidase and prostaglandin E2, and the kinetics of their changes were monitored. Chondrocytes that were cultured in standard medium secreted large amounts of plasminogen activator, some beta-glucuronidase, but no collagenase, and released only minor amounts of prostaglandin E2. The addition of conditioned medium from rabbit macrophages induced a rapid release of large quantities of prostaglandin E2 and an abundant secretion of collagenase, while abolishing or strongly decreasing plasminogen activator secretion. In addition, beta-glucuronidase secretion was markedly enhanced. The decrease in secretion of plasminogen activator appeared to reflect a diminished production, since no evidence was found for the generation of inhibitors or for an accelerated extracellular breakdown of the enzyme. Conditioned media of the mouse and human mononuclear cells influenced the secretory activities of rabbit articular chondrocytes in a similar way, suggesting that the factor (or factors) acting on chondrocytes is produced by a variety of macrophages, and that its action is not species-restricted. The time course and concentration-dependence of the effects observed indicate that the secretion of plasminogen activator and collagenase are influenced in a strictly reciprocal fashion by the macrophage products. The release of prostaglandin E2 paralleled that of collagenase.     

Influence of prostaglandins and of cyclic nucleotides on the metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in primary chick kidney cell culture

Prostaglandins (PG) are likely to be involved in a number of regulatory mechanisms in the kidney, which may be mediated by cyclic nucleotides. The present study describes the effects of prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides on the hydroxylases of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D₃) in a primary chick kidney cell culture. 3–30 nM PG E₂ produced significant increases in the 25(OH)D₃-1-hydroxylase associated with decreases in the 25(OH)D₃-24-hydroxylase at 6 hours but not at 1 hour. PG F_2α, in concentrations between 0.3 nM and 3 μM affected the hydroxylases in a similar manner. A significant increase of 1-hydroxylase activity was observed with 0.1 mM cyclic AMP (cAMP) or dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) in 6 hours, but again no effect on either hydroxylase was observed when the incubation time was reduced to 1 hour. These results suggest that PG E₂ and PG F_2α might be involved in the regulation of renal 25(OH)D₃ metabolism, and that the effects on the 25(OH)D₃-hydroxylases might be mediated by cAMP.