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31.
In response to the Surgeon General's request for more research on racial disparities in mental health care, especially research that includes high-need populations (e.g., the homeless, incarcerated, children in foster care, and substance abusers), we examined racial disparities in the provision of mental health counseling, psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy in hospital outpatient settings using nationally representative data from the 1997 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). After controlling for diagnosis and other factors, we found that African Americans were less likely than whites to receive mental health counseling and psychotherapy, but more likely than whites to receive pharmacotherapy. We also found that substance abuse clinics were more likely than primary care and specialty mental health clinics to provide mental health counseling and psychotherapy. However, specialty mental health clinics were the only clinics to provide pharmacotherapy. Future research should examine racial disparities in a variety of settings, controlling for diagnosis as well as other factors. 相似文献
32.
Lena Bj?rck Simon Capewell Martin O’Flaherty Georgios Lappas Kathleen Bennett Annika Rosengren 《PloS one》2015,10(5)
BackgroundThe relative importance of risk factor reduction in healthy people (primary prevention) versus that in patients with coronary heart disease (secondary prevention) has been debated. We aimed to quantify the contribution of the two.MethodologyWe used the previously validated IMPACT model to estimate contributions from primary prevention (reducing risk factors in the population, particularly smoking, cholesterol and systolic blood pressure) and from secondary prevention (reducing risk factors in coronary heart disease patients) in the Swedish population.ConclusionsThe largest effects on mortality came from primary prevention, giving markedly larger mortality reductions than secondary prevention. 相似文献
33.
Chris Kypridemos Piotr Bandosz Graeme L. Hickey Maria Guzman-Castillo Kirk Allen Iain Buchan Simon Capewell Martin O’Flaherty 《PloS one》2015,10(4)
Background
Serum total cholesterol is one of the major targets for cardiovascular disease prevention. Statins are effective for cholesterol control in individual patients. At the population level, however, their contribution to total cholesterol decline remains unclear. The aim of this study was to quantify the contribution of statins to the observed fall in population mean cholesterol levels in England over the past two decades, and explore any differences between socioeconomic groups.Methods and Findings
This is a modelling study based on data from the Health Survey for England. We analysed changes in observed mean total cholesterol levels in the adult England population between 1991-92 (baseline) and 2011-12. We then compared the observed changes with a counterfactual ‘no statins’ scenario, where the impact of statins on population total cholesterol was estimated and removed. We estimated uncertainty intervals (UI) using Monte Carlo simulation, where confidence intervals (CI) were impractical. In 2011-12, 13.2% (95% CI: 12.5-14.0%) of the English adult population used statins at least once per week, compared with 1991-92 when the proportion was just 0.5% (95% CI: 0.3-1.0%). Between 1991-92 and 2011-12, mean total cholesterol declined from 5.86 mmol/L (95% CI: 5.82-5.90) to 5.17 mmol/L (95% CI: 5.14-5.20). For 2011-12, mean total cholesterol was lower in more deprived groups. In our ‘no statins’ scenario we predicted a mean total cholesterol of 5.36 mmol/L (95% CI: 5.33-5.40) for 2011-12. Statins were responsible for approximately 33.7% (95% UI: 28.9-38.8%) of the total cholesterol reduction since 1991-92. The statin contribution to cholesterol reduction was greater among the more deprived groups of women, while showing little socio-economic gradient among men.Conclusions
Our model suggests that statins explained around a third of the substantial falls in total cholesterol observed in England since 1991. Approximately two thirds of the cholesterol decrease can reasonably be attributed non-pharmacological determinants. 相似文献34.
Brendan Collins Simon Capewell Martin O’Flaherty Hannah Timpson Abdul Razzaq Sylvia Cheater Robin Ireland Helen Bromley 《PloS one》2015,10(6)
Background
Increasing evidence associates excess refined sugar intakes with obesity, Type 2 diabetes and heart disease. Worryingly, the estimated volume of sugary drinks purchased in the UK has more than doubled between 1975 and 2007, from 510ml to 1140ml per person per week. We aimed to estimate the potential impact of a duty on sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) at a local level in England, hypothesising that a duty could reduce obesity and related diseases.Methods and Findings
We modelled the potential impact of a 20% sugary drinks duty on local authorities in England between 2010 and 2030. We synthesised data obtained from the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS), drinks manufacturers, Office for National Statistics, and from previous studies. This produced a modelled population of 41 million adults in 326 lower tier local authorities in England. This analysis suggests that a 20% SSB duty could result in approximately 2,400 fewer diabetes cases, 1,700 fewer stroke and coronary heart disease cases, 400 fewer cancer cases, and gain some 41,000 Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) per year across England. The duty might have the biggest impact in urban areas with young populations.Conclusions
This study adds to the growing body of evidence suggesting health benefits for a duty on sugary drinks. It might also usefully provide results at an area level to inform local price interventions in England. 相似文献35.
Matthew C. L. Keith Xian-Liang Tang Yukichi Tokita Qian-hong Li Shahab Ghafghazi Joseph Moore IV Kyung U. Hong Brandon Elmore Alok Amraotkar Brian L. Ganzel Kendra J. Grubb Michael P. Flaherty Gregory Hunt Bathri Vajravelu Marcin Wysoczynski Roberto Bolli 《PloS one》2015,10(4)
Background
There is mounting interest in using c-kit positive human cardiac stem cells (c-kitpos hCSCs) to repair infarcted myocardium in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. A recent phase I clinical trial (SCIPIO) has shown that intracoronary infusion of 1 million hCSCs is safe. Higher doses of CSCs may provide superior reparative ability; however, it is unknown if doses >1 million cells are safe. To address this issue, we examined the effects of 20 million hCSCs in pigs.Methods
Right atrial appendage samples were obtained from patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The tissue was processed by an established protocol with eventual immunomagnetic sorting to obtain in vitro expanded hCSCs. A cumulative dose of 20 million cells was given intracoronarily to pigs without stop flow. Safety was assessed by measurement of serial biomarkers (cardiac: troponin I and CK-MB, renal: creatinine and BUN, and hepatic: AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase) and echocardiography pre- and post-infusion. hCSC retention 30 days after infusion was quantified by PCR for human genomic DNA. All personnel were blinded as to group assignment.Results
Compared with vehicle-treated controls (n=5), pigs that received 20 million hCSCs (n=9) showed no significant change in cardiac function or end organ damage (assessed by organ specific biomarkers) that could be attributed to hCSCs (P>0.05 in all cases). No hCSCs could be detected in left ventricular samples 30 days after infusion.Conclusions
Intracoronary infusion of 20 million c-kit positive hCSCs in pigs (equivalent to ~40 million hCSCs in humans) does not cause acute cardiac injury, impairment of cardiac function, or liver and renal injury. These results have immediate translational value and lay the groundwork for using doses of CSCs >1 million in future clinical trials. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether administration of >1 million hCSCs is associated with greater efficacy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. 相似文献36.
37.
John Hughes Zubair Kabir Kathleen Bennett Joel W. Hotchkiss Frank Kee Alastair H. Leyland Carolyn Davies Piotr Bandosz Maria Guzman-Castillo Martin O’Flaherty Simon Capewell Julia Critchley 《PloS one》2015,10(9)
Objective
Despite rapid declines over the last two decades, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates in the British Isles are still amongst the highest in Europe. This study uses a modelling approach to compare the potential impact of future risk factor scenarios relating to smoking and physical activity levels, dietary salt and saturated fat intakes on future CHD mortality in three countries: Northern Ireland (NI), Republic of Ireland (RoI) and Scotland.Methods
CHD mortality models previously developed and validated in each country were extended to predict potential reductions in CHD mortality from 2010 (baseline year) to 2030. Risk factor trends data from recent surveys at baseline were used to model alternative future risk factor scenarios: Absolute decreases in (i) smoking prevalence and (ii) physical inactivity rates of up to 15% by 2030; relative decreases in (iii) dietary salt intake of up to 30% by 2030 and (iv) dietary saturated fat of up to 6% by 2030. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were then conducted.Results
Projected populations in 2030 were 1.3, 3.4 and 3.9 million in NI, RoI and Scotland respectively (adults aged 25–84). In 2030: assuming recent declining mortality trends continue: 15% absolute reductions in smoking could decrease CHD deaths by 5.8–7.2%. 15% absolute reductions in physical inactivity levels could decrease CHD deaths by 3.1–3.6%. Relative reductions in salt intake of 30% could decrease CHD deaths by 5.2–5.6% and a 6% reduction in saturated fat intake might decrease CHD deaths by some 7.8–9.0%. These projections remained stable under a wide range of sensitivity analyses.Conclusions
Feasible reductions in four cardiovascular risk factors (already achieved elsewhere) could substantially reduce future coronary deaths. More aggressive polices are therefore needed in the British Isles to control tobacco, promote healthy food and increase physical activity. 相似文献38.
Concerns over water quality in Ireland have increased in recent years, in part due to the more frequent contamination of drinking water by pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium. The objective of this study was to assess the use of SWAT for pathogen source estimation and to analyze the effects of various source scenarios on pathogen outputs in Irish catchments. Two agricultural catchments in Ireland susceptible to pathogen contamination of source water were the center of the SWAT model development with the primary focus on levels of E. coli in surface water. Model simulations used site and source specific information which was analyzed considering the total E. coli count for the simulation period (Fergus: January 2005–October 2006; Kilshanvey: January 2006–July 2007). Pathogen source estimation identified point sources as the most significant contributors to E. coli output with direct deposition the primary contributor (95%) in Kilshanvey and wastewater treatment plant outflow (89%) the main contributor in the Fergus catchment. A scenario analysis evaluated possible situations that may occur in study locations. The analysis indicated that restriction of livestock access to water sources and improved wastewater treatment would represent effective methods of improving water quality in both catchments. 相似文献
39.
Zhenrong Xu Salvacion Cacatian Jing Yuan Robert D. Simpson Lanqi Jia Wei Zhao Colin M. Tice Patrick T. Flaherty Joan Guo Alexey Ishchenko Suresh B. Singh Zhongren Wu Brian M. McKeever Boyd B. Scott Yuri Bukhtiyarov Jennifer Berbaum Jennifer Mason Reshma Panemangalore Maria Grazia Cappiello Ross Bentley David A. Claremon 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2010,20(2):694-699
Structure-guided drug design led to new alkylamine renin inhibitors with improved in vitro and in vivo potency. Lead compound 21a, has an IC50 of 0.83 nM for the inhibition of human renin in plasma (PRA). Oral administration of 21a at 10 mg/kg resulted in >20 h reduction of blood pressure in a double transgenic rat model of hypertension. 相似文献
40.
John P. Flaherty Catrina A. Spruce Heather E. Fairfield David E. Bergstrom 《Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)》2010,48(9):568-575
NADPH oxidase complexes are multiprotein assemblies that generate reactive oxygen species in a variety of mammalian tissues. The canonical phagocytic oxidase consists of a heterodimeric, enzymatic core comprised of the transmembrane proteins, CYBB andCYBA and is regulated, in part, by an “organizing” function of NCF1 and an “activating” activity of NCF2. In contexts outside of the phagocyte, these regulatory functions may be encoded not only by NCF1 and NCF2, but also alternatively by their respective paralogues, NOXO1 and NOXA1. To allow tissue‐specific dissection of Noxa1 function in mouse, we have generated an allele of Noxa1 suitable for conditional inactivation. Moreover, by crossing Noxa1 conditional allele carriers to B6.129S4‐Meox2tm1(Cre)Sor/J mice, we have generated first, Noxa1‐null heterozygotes, and ultimately, Noxa1‐null homozygotes. Through the thoughtful use of tissue‐specific, Cre‐expressing mouse strains, the Noxa1 conditional allele will offer insight into the roles of NOXA1 in the variety of tissues in which it is expressed. genesis 48:568–575, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献