High Sodium and Low Potassium Intake among Italian Children: Relationship with Age,Body Mass and Blood Pressure

Background

Hypertension is the leading cause of death in developed countries and reduction of salt intake is recommended as a key preventive measure.

Objective

To assess the dietary sodium and potassium intakes in a national sample of Italian children and adolescents and to examine their relationships with BMI and blood pressure (BP) in the framework of the MINISAL survey, a program supported by the Italian Ministry of Health.

Population and Methods

The study population included 1424 healthy subjects (766 boys, 658 girls) aged 6-18 years (mean age: 10.1±2.9) who were consecutively recruited in participating National Health Service centers in 10 Italian regions. Electrolyte intake was estimated from 24 hour urine collections tested for completeness by the concomitant measurement of creatinine content. Anthropometric indices and BP were measured with standardized procedures.

Results

The average estimated sodium intake was 129 mmol (7.4 g of salt) per day among boys and 117 mmol (6.7 g of salt) among girls. Ninety-three percent of the boys and 89% of the girls had a consumption higher than the recommended age-specific standard dietary target. The estimated average daily potassium intakes were 39 mmol (1.53 g) and 36 mmol (1.40 g), respectively, over 96% of the boys and 98% of the girls having a potassium intake lower than the recommended adequate intake. The mean sodium/potassium ratio was similar among boys and girls (3.5 and 3.4, respectively) and over 3-fold greater than the desirable level. Sodium intake was directly related to age, body mass and BP in the whole population.

Conclusions

The Italian pediatric population is characterized by excessive sodium and deficient potassium intake. These data suggest that future campaigns should focus on children and adolescents as a major target in the framework of a population strategy of cardiovascular prevention.     

Synthesis of sulfonamide-containing N-hydroxyindole-2-carboxylates as inhibitors of human lactate dehydrogenase-isoform 5

N-Hydroxyindole-2-carboxylates possessing sulfonamide-substituents at either position 5 or 6 were designed and synthesized. The inhibitory activities of these compounds against isoforms 1 and 5 of human lactate dehydrogenase were analysed, and K_i values of the most efficient inhibitors were determined by standard enzyme kinetic studies. Some of these compounds displayed state-of-the-art inhibitory potencies against isoform 5 (K_i values as low as 5.6 μM) and behaved as competitive inhibitors versus both the substrate and the cofactor.     

Extrapolating ENCODE data to the whole human genome

The ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements) project was launched three years ago with the purpose of identifying all of the functional elements in the human genome. ENCODE was started with 44 target sequences, which comprise 1% of the human genome. A crucial question about ENCODE is how representative it is of the human genome. Indeed, this is not a negligible problem if one considers that only 1% of the genome was selected for the project, and, more importantly, that the choice of the large DNA segments was based on two major criteria, namely the presence of extensively characterized genes and/or other functional elements, and the availability of a substantial amount of comparative sequence data. We found that the ENCODE data lead to an unbalanced representation of the compositional pattern of the human genome, especially for the GC-poorest and GC-richest regions. This unbalanced representativity of ENCODE can, however, be corrected by multiplying ENCODE data by a G/E factor (the ratio of whole genome data over ENCODE data), so amplifying the potential interest of ENCODE.     

Fibrin Sealants in Dura Sealing: A Systematic Literature Review

BackgroundFibrin sealants are widely used in neurosurgery to seal the suture line, provide watertight closure, and prevent cerebrospinal fluid leaks. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current efficacy and safety literature of fibrin sealants in dura sealing and the prevention/treatment of cerebrospinal fluid leaks.MethodsA comprehensive electronic literature search was run in the following databases: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Resister of Controlled Trials, clinicaltrials.gov, MEDLINE/PubMed, and EMBASE. Titles and abstracts of potential articles of interest were reviewed independently by 3 of the authors.ResultsA total of 1006 database records and additional records were identified. After screening for duplicates and relevance, a total of 78 articles were assessed by the investigators for eligibility. Thirty-eight were excluded and the full-text of 40 articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Seven of these included only safety data and were included in the safety assessment. The remaining 33 articles included findings from 32 studies that enrolled a total of 2935 patients who were exposed to fibrin sealant. Among these 33 studies there were only 3 randomized controlled trials, with the remaining being prospective cohort analysis, case controlled studies, prospective or retrospective case series. One randomized controlled trial, with 89 patients exposed to fibrin sealant, found a greater rate of intraoperative watertight dura closure in the fibrin sealant group than the control group (92.1% versus 38.0%, p<0.001); however, post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in more fibrin sealant than control patients (6.7% versus 2.0%, p>0.05). Other clinical trials evaluated the effect of fibrin sealant in the postoperative prevention of cerebrospinal fluid leaks. These were generally lower level evidence studies (ie, not prospective, randomized, controlled trials) that were not designed or powered to demonstrate a significant advantage to fibrin sealant use. Two small case series studies evaluated the effect of fibrin sealants in persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak treatment, but did not establish firm efficacy conclusions. Specific adverse reports where fibrin sealants were used for dura sealing were limited, with only 8 cases reported in neurosurgical procedures since 1987 and most reporting only a speculative relationship/association with fibrin sealant exposure.ConclusionsA major finding of this systematic literature review is that there is a paucity of randomized studies that have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of fibrin sealants in providing intraoperative watertight dura closure and post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Among the limited studies available, evidence from a single randomized, controlled trial indicates that fibrin sealants provide a higher rate of intraoperative watertight closure of the dura suture line than control, albeit with a higher rate of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Evidence from non-randomized, controlled trials suggests that fibrin sealants may be effective in preventing cerebrospinal fluid leaks with an acceptable safety profile. There is a substantial need for randomized, controlled clinical trials or well-designed prospective observational trials where the conduct of a randomized trial is not feasible to fully assess the impact of fibrin sealant utilization on the rates of intraoperative dura closure, postoperative cerebrospinal leakage, and safety.     

High‐Capacity Concentration Gradient Li[Ni0.865Co0.120Al0.015]O2 Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A Ni‐rich concentration‐gradient Li[Ni_0.865Co_0.120Al_0.015]O₂ (NCA) cathode is prepared with a Ni‐rich core to maximize the discharge capacity and a Co‐rich particle surface to provide structural and chemical stability. Compared to the conventional NCA cathode with a uniform composition, the gradient NCA cathode exhibits improved capacity retention and better thermal stability. Even more remarkably, the gradient NCA cathode maintains 90% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles when cycled at 60 °C, whereas the conventional cathode exhibits poor capacity retention and suffers severe structural deterioration. The superior cycling stability of the gradient NCA cathode largely stemmed from the gradient structure combines with the Co‐rich surface, which provides chemical stability against electrolyte attack and reduces the inherent internal strain observed in all Ni‐rich layered cathodes in their charged state, thus providing structural stability against the repeated anisotropic volume changes during cycling. The high discharge capacity of the proposed gradient NCA cathode extends the driving range of electric vehicles and reduces battery costs. Furthermore, its excellent capacity retention guarantees a long battery life. Therefore, gradient NCA cathodes represent one of the best classes of cathode materials for electric vehicle applications that should satisfy the demands of future electric vehicles.     

Natural daucane sesquiterpenes with antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity against human tumor cells

Plants of the genera Ferula and Ferulago are known for their complex content in bioactive secondary metabolites such as coumarins, phenylpropanoids, and sesquiterpenes. We used the ground parts of Ferula communis subsp. communis, Ferula glauca subsp. glauca and Ferulago campestris as natural sources for the isolation of four coumarins (CU-1 to CU-4), two phenylpropanoids (PE-1 and PE-2), one polyacetylene (PA-1) and 16 daucane esters (DE-1 to DE-16). The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against a panel of seven human tumor cell lines. Fourteen of the daucane derivatives showed antiproliferative activity at least against one of the human tumor cell lines tested, four compounds (DE-5, DE-8, DE-11, and DE-16) were active against all the tested cell lines. Among them DE-11 was the most cytotoxic compound against HeLa (4.4 ± 0.7 μM), A549 (2.8 ± 1.4 μM), HL-60 (2.6 ± 0.4 μM), K562 (26.5 ± 6.0 μM) RS 4;11 (1.7 ± 0.3 μM) and SEM (2.4 ± 0.1 μM) cell lines, while DE-8 was the most active against Jurkat (3.3 ± 0.8 μM). Preliminary structure-activity relationship suggests that the most active compounds in the daucane series present the trans fusion of the penta- and hepta-atomic cycles, and lipophylic ester groups linked to position 6. Isomeric derivatives such as DE-8 and DE-9 or DE-3, DE-4, and DE-5 exhibited significant differences in their IC(50) supporting that the β orientation for the ester group in the position 2 enhances the cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, the pro-apoptotic effect of the most active compounds evaluated in Jurkat cell line showed that these compounds are able to induce apoptosis in a time and concentration-dependent manner. Our findings suggest the potential role of daucane derivatives as models for the development of proapoptotic compounds.     

Segmental development of reticulospinal and branchiomotor neurons in lamprey: insights into the evolution of the vertebrate hindbrain

During development, the vertebrate hindbrain is subdivided along its anteroposterior axis into a series of segmental bulges called rhombomeres. These segments in turn generate a repeated pattern of rhombomere-specific neurons, including reticular and branchiomotor neurons. In amphioxus (Cephalochordata), the sister group of the vertebrates, a bona fide segmented hindbrain is lacking, although the embryonic brain vesicle shows molecular anteroposterior regionalization. Therefore, evaluation of the segmental patterning of the central nervous system of agnathan embryos is relevant to our understanding of the origin of the developmental plan of the vertebrate hindbrain. To investigate the neuronal organization of the hindbrain of the Japanese lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum, we retrogradely labeled the reticulospinal and branchial motoneurons. By combining this analysis with a study of the expression patterns of genes identifying specific rhombomeric territories such as LjKrox20, LjPax6, LjEphC and LjHox3, we found that the reticular neurons in the lamprey hindbrain, including isthmic, bulbar and Mauthner cells, develop in conserved rhombomere-specific positions, similar to those in the zebrafish. By contrast, lamprey trigeminal and facial motor nuclei are not in register with rhombomere boundaries, unlike those of gnathostomes. The trigeminal-facial boundary corresponds to the rostral border of LjHox3 expression in the middle of rhombomere 4. Exogenous application of retinoic acid (RA) induced a rostral shift of both the LjHox3 expression domain and branchiomotor nuclei with no obvious repatterning of rhombomeric segmentation and reticular neurons. Therefore, whereas subtype variations of motoneuron identity along the anteroposterior axis may rely on Hox-dependent positional values, as in gnathostomes, such variations in the lamprey are not constrained by hindbrain segmentation. We hypothesize that the registering of hindbrain segmentation and neuronal patterning may have been acquired through successive and independent stepwise patterning changes during evolution.     

Exercise-induced and nitroglycerin-induced myocardial preconditioning improves hemodynamics in patients with angina

In humans, regional myocardial dysfunction during ischemia may be improved by ischemic and pharmacological preconditioning. We assessed the possibility that exercise- and nitroglycerin-induced myocardial preconditioning may improve global cardiac performance during subsequent efforts in patients with angina. Ten patients suffering from chronic stable angina and ten healthy volunteers were studied. Through impedance cardiography we assessed hemodynamics during a maximal exercise test, which was used as a baseline (Bas test) and considered as a preconditioning exercise. The Bas test was followed by a sequence of maximal efforts performed during the first (FWOP; 30 min after the Bas test) and second (SWOP; 48 h after the Bas test) windows of protection conferred by ischemic preconditioning. Hemodynamics was further evaluated during maximal exercise performed 48 h later with pharmacologically induced SWOP (PI-SWOP) obtained by transdermal administration of 10 mg of nitroglycerin. In the angina patients, FWOP, SWOP, and PI-SWOP delayed the time to ischemia and allowed them to achieve higher workloads compared with the Bas test. Furthermore, heart rate and cardiac output at peak exercise were enhanced during all the preconditioning phases with respect to the Bas test. However, only SWOP and PI-SWOP increased myocardial contractility and stroke volume. No changes in hemodynamics were detectable in the control subjects. This study demonstrates that in patients with stable angina, although hemodynamics during exercise can be positively improved during both FWOP and SWOP, differences exist between these two phases. Furthermore, the mimicking of exercise-induced SWOP by PI-SWOP with transdermal nitroglycerin may represent an important clinical aspect.     

Endogenous type I interferons as a defense against tumors

We have reviewed the experimental results which indicate that endogenous type I interferon (IFN) present either constitutively or possibly induced by the tumor plays an important role in limiting the development of transplantable tumors in mice. Thus, treatment with potent polyclonal neutralizing antibodies to IFN alpha/beta markedly enhanced the subcutaneous growth, invasiveness and metastases of xenogeneic tumor cells (uninfected or infected with RNA or DNA viruses) in athymic nude mice; enhanced the intraperitoneal transplantability of six different syngeneic murine tumors in three strains of immunocompetent mice; and completely abrogated the resistance of allogeneic C57Bl/6 (H-2(b)) or C3H (H-2(k)) mice to the multiplication of Friend erythroleukemia cells (H-2(d)) in the liver and spleen resulting in the death of most mice. The mechanisms by which mice respond to the injection of relatively few tumor cells appear to be multiple, to depend on the site of tumor growth, to occur early and prior to an immunologic response. Endogenous type I IFN appears to constitute an essential component of these defense mechanisms enabling the host to restrict tumor growth.