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21.
The ultrastructural organization of actively secreting barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya) aleurone cells was examined using ultrarapid-freezing (<-10 000°C s-1) followed by freeze-fracture and freeze-substitution. Our analysis indicates that much of the evidence supporting a direct pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the plasma membrane (i.e. bypassing the Golgi apparatus) for the secretion of -amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) may not be valid. Cryofixed ER cisternae show no sign of vesiculation during active -amylase secretion in gibberellic acid (GA3)-treated cells. At the same time, Golgi complexes are abundant and numerous small vesicles are associated with the edges of the cisternae. Vesicles appear to be involved in the delivery of secretory products to the plasma membrane since depressions containing excess membrane material appear there. Treatment with GA3 also induces changes in the composition of Golgi membranes; most notably, the density of intramembrane particles increases from 2700 m-2 to 3800 m-2 because of an increase of particles in the 3–8.5-nm size range. A slight decrease in 9–11-nm particles also occurs. These changes in membrane structure appear to occur as the Golgi complex becomes committed to the processing and packaging of secretory proteins. We suggest that secretory proteins in this tissue are synthesized in the abundant rough ER, packaged in the Golgi apparatus, and transported to the plasma membrane via Golgi-derived secretory vesicles. Mobilization of reserves is also accompanied by dynamic membrane events. Our micrographs show that the surface monolayer of the lipid bodies fuses with the outer leaflet of the bilayer of protein-body membranes during the mobilization of lipid reserves. Following the breakdown of the protein reserves, the protein bodies assume a variety of configurations.Abbreviations ER
endoplasmic reticulum
- GA3
gibberellic acid
- P
protoplasmic
- E
exoplasmic 相似文献
22.
Wheat was inoculated with Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium acuminatum individually and in combination under controlled conditions. Only B. sorokininana produced significant disease when used alone; however, F. acuminarum significantly augmented the effects of B. sorokiniana when plants are inoculated with both fungi. 相似文献
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24.
M D Andrés E Rebolledo M C Taboada M P Fernandez Otero 《Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, Comp. Pharmacol. Toxicol.》1985,81(2):401-404
Actinomycin D, at a dose of 0.25 micrograms/g body wt, produced slight increases in intestinal enzymatic activity on hamsters. At a high dose (1.5 micrograms/g body wt), actinomycin D produced inhibition of lactase activity, whereas maltase, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in males and increased in females. Cycloheximide (1.5 micrograms/g body wt), produced no changes in enzymatic activity. In the male and female hamster, the different actions of the antibiotic can be explained by the variations in the cortisol release produced by stress. 相似文献
25.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannoproteins form an external cell wall layer that determines wall porosity. 总被引:31,自引:9,他引:22
A beta-glucanase (Z-glucanase) from Zymolyase was freed from a protease (Z-protease) by affinity chromatography on alpha 2-macroglobulin-Sepharose columns and used to solubilize proteins from isolated cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cell wall proteins were labeled with 125I and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The bulk of the labeled material had very low mobility. Its mannoprotein nature was demonstrated by precipitation with specific antibodies and by conversion to a band with an average molecular weight of 94,000 after incubation with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. The intact mannoproteins were hydrolyzed by Z-protease, but were resistant to the enzyme when the carbohydrate was first removed by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. In intact cells, lysis of cell walls by Z-glucanase required a previous incubation with z-protease, which led to solubilization of most of the 125I-labeled proteins. Other proteases that did not attack the cell wall mannoproteins were unable to substitute for Z-protease. The specific effect of Z-protease is consistent with the notion that mannoproteins form a surface layer of the cell wall that penetrates the wall to some depth and shields glucans from attack by Z-glucanase. Mannoproteins, however, do not appear to cover the inner face of the cell wall, because isolated cell walls, in contrast to intact cells, were completely solubilized by Z-glucanase in the absence of protease. The function of mannoproteins in determining cell wall porosity was highlighted by the finding that horseradish peroxidase (Mr, 40,000) causes lysis of cells that had been treated with Z-protease. Depletion of mannoproteins by Z-protease also resulted in the disappearance of a darkly stained surface layer of the cell wall, as observed by electron microscopy. Other agents that facilitate cell lysis by Z-glucanase, such as 2-mercaptoethanol, digitonin, and high concentrations of salts, caused little or no solubilization of mannoprotein. We assume that they perturb and loosen the structure of the mannoprotein network, thereby increasing its porosity. The implications of our results for the construction of the yeast cell wall and the anchoring of mannoprotein to the cell are discussed. 相似文献
26.
A. De Izuzquiza C. Ascaso E. Fernandez F. Ballesta 《International Journal of Anthropology》1986,1(1):19-23
Finger-prints of the parents of thirty four Down children were compared with thirty four couples with two or more normal children
without a family history of genetic problems.
The parents with children affected by translocation Down Syndrome and those with mosaicism were excluded. A comparison of
the figure distributions in each of the fingers of the two groups shows a different distribution.
Parents of children affected by Down Syndrome occupy an intermediate position between the parents of normal children and the
subjects affected by Down Syndrome.
The total sum of values of A (arch), Lu (ulnar loop), Lt (radial loop) and W in each of the groups were also compared using
a contingency table. A significant difference (p<0,05) was found between both groups. The differences are imputed to the variables
A and L. 相似文献
27.
28.
Summary The kinetic of15N2 diffusion has been measured in a system similar to that for the estimation of N2 fixation in plant microorganism associations cultivated in soil. The15N2 enrichment of the soil atmosphere reached an homogenous value one hour after injection of15N2 and is identical to that obtained by calculation, indicating that no adsorption occurs in the soil particles.
Diffusion du15N2 dans le sol pendant la mesure de fixation biologique de l'azote
Résumé La cinétique de diffusion du15N2 est mesurée sur un système identique à ceux pouvant être utilisés pour la mesure de fixation de l'azote chez les associations plantes-microorganismes cultivées sur sol. L'enrichissement homogène de l'atmosphère du sol est obtenu une heure environ après l'injection de15N2 et correspond à l'enrichissement calculé, ce qui indique qu'aucune adsorption n'a lieu dans les particules du sol.相似文献
29.
30.
A. Prokop L. E. Erickson J. Fernandez A. E. Humphrey 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》1969,11(5):945-966
A multistage tower laboratory fermentor has been constructed consisting of eight compartments separated by sieve plates. Flow of substrate and air is concurrent from the bottom to the top of the column. It, was hoped that this system could be used to reproduce, simultaneously on a continuous basis, eight distinct phases of a batch growth curve. It was believed that the extent of batch curve simulation would depend upon the character of hydraulic mean residence time of broth in the column and in the individual compartments. The expected relationship did not occur. Rather it was found that growth in the column involved residence time characteristics not only for the fluid but also for the microorganisms, and for the growth limiting substrate. Depending upon the column operation, these could be distinct and different. The purpose of this investigation was to study the residence time distribution (RTD) of the continous (fluid) and dispersed (microorganisms) phases for model systems as well as for a yeast fermentation. Various degrees of flow nonideality, i.e., fluid blackflow and dispersed phase sedimentation, were noticed. The former seems to be due to interaction of the concurrent gas and liquid flow; it is particularly dependent upon void area of the sieve plate holes. Sedimentation is probably a function of plate design as well as cell size and density. It wa concluded that for a particular plate design the gas hold-up wass controlled by superficial air velocity and was the main parameter governing the differences between dispersed and continous phase(Rt1). This conclusion was supported by a computeraided styudy utilizing a mathematical model of fluid flow to fit the growth kinetics and cell distribution observed experimentally throughout the fermentor. Some advantages of foam control in the tower fermentor by surface active compounds are mentioned. Also, suggestions are made for carrying out fermentations that have two liquid phases, such as a hydrocarbon fermentation. The possibility of closely approximating plug-flow conditions in the multistage tower fermentor, a necessary condition for batch growth simulation, is discussed from a practical point of view. 相似文献