全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2683篇 |
免费 | 162篇 |
专业分类
2845篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 21篇 |
2022年 | 51篇 |
2021年 | 93篇 |
2020年 | 63篇 |
2019年 | 67篇 |
2018年 | 100篇 |
2017年 | 71篇 |
2016年 | 121篇 |
2015年 | 149篇 |
2014年 | 161篇 |
2013年 | 195篇 |
2012年 | 210篇 |
2011年 | 200篇 |
2010年 | 159篇 |
2009年 | 113篇 |
2008年 | 136篇 |
2007年 | 136篇 |
2006年 | 121篇 |
2005年 | 99篇 |
2004年 | 90篇 |
2003年 | 59篇 |
2002年 | 74篇 |
2001年 | 46篇 |
2000年 | 28篇 |
1999年 | 50篇 |
1998年 | 23篇 |
1997年 | 14篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 14篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 7篇 |
1992年 | 14篇 |
1991年 | 15篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 11篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 6篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 5篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
1969年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有2845条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
41.
Kim P. C. Kuypers Eef L. Theunissen Janelle H. P. van Wel Elizabeth B. de Sousa Fernandes Perna Anke Linssen Anke Sambeth Benjamin G. Schultz Johannes G. Ramaekers 《PloS one》2016,11(2)
Background
Ecstasy use has been associated with short-term and long-term memory deficits on a standard Word Learning Task (WLT). The clinical relevance of this has been debated and is currently unknown. The present study aimed at evaluating the clinical relevance of verbal memory impairment in Ecstasy users. To that end, clinical memory impairment was defined as decrement in memory performance that exceeded the cut-off value of 1.5 times the standard deviation of the average score in the healthy control sample. The primary question was whether being an Ecstasy user (E-user) was predictive of having clinically deficient memory performance compared to a healthy control group.Methods
WLT data were pooled from four experimental MDMA studies that compared memory performance during placebo and MDMA intoxication. Control data were taken from healthy volunteers with no drug use history who completed the WLT as part of a placebo-controlled clinical trial. This resulted in a sample size of 65 E-users and 65 age- and gender-matched healthy drug-naïve controls. All participants were recruited by similar means and were tested at the same testing facilities using identical standard operating procedures. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, Bayes factor, and logistic regressions.Results
Findings were that verbal memory performance of placebo-treated E-users did not differ from that of controls, and there was substantial evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. History of use was not predictive of memory impairment. During MDMA intoxication of E-users, verbal memory was impaired.Conclusion
The combination of the acute and long-term findings demonstrates that, while clinically relevant memory impairment is present during intoxication, it is absent during abstinence. This suggests that use of Ecstasy/MDMA does not lead to clinically deficient memory performance in the long term. Additionally, it has to be investigated whether the current findings apply to more complex cognitive measures in diverse ‘user categories’ using a combination of genetics, imaging techniques and neuropsychological assessments. 相似文献42.
43.
44.
J.?C.?Fernandes L.?F.?Goulao S.?AmancioEmail author 《Journal of plant research》2016,129(6):1151-1163
The impact on cell wall (CW) of the deficiency in nitrogen (–N), phosphorus (–P) or sulphur (–S), known to impair essential metabolic pathways, was investigated in the economically important fruit species Vitis vinifera L. Using cuttings as an experimental model a reduction in total internode number and altered xylem shape was observed. Under –N an increased internode length was also seen. CW composition, visualised after staining with calcofluor white, Toluidine blue and ruthenium red, showed decreased cellulose in all stresses and increased pectin content in recently formed internodes under –N compared to the control. Using CW-epitope specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), lower amounts of extensins incorporated in the wall were also observed under –N and –P conditions. Conversely, increased pectins with a low degree of methyl-esterification and richer in long linear 1,5-arabinan rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) side chains were observed under –N and –P in mature internodes which, in the former condition, were able to form dimeric association through calcium ions. –N was the only condition in which 1,5-arabinan branched RG-I content was not altered, as –P and –S older internodes showed, respectively, lower and higher amounts of this polymer. Higher xyloglucan content in older internodes was also observed under –N. The results suggest that impairments of specific CW components led to changes in the deposition of other polymers to promote stiffening of the CW. The unchanged extensin amount observed under –S may contribute to attenuating the effects on the CW integrity caused by this stress. Our work showed that, in organized V. vinifera tissues, modifications in a given CW component can be compensated by synthesis of different polymers and/or alternative linking between polymers. The results also pinpoint different strategies at the CW level to overcome mineral stress depending on how essential they are to cell growth and plant development. 相似文献
45.
46.
Amaral Joo Henrique Fernandes Melack John Michael Barbosa Pedro Maia Borges Alberto V. Kasper Daniele Corts Alicia Cortes Zhou Wencai MacIntyre Sally Forsberg Bruce Rider 《Ecosystems》2022,25(4):911-930
Ecosystems - Extensive floodplains and numerous lakes in the Amazon basin are well suited to examine the role of floodable lands within the context of the sources and processing of carbon within... 相似文献
47.
Tiago Manuel Fernandes Mendes Emanuel Carrilho Ana Júlia Pinto Fonseca Sieuve Afonso Carlos Alexandre Galinaro Fernanda Janku Cabral Silmara Marques Allegretti 《International journal for parasitology》2019,49(13-14):1049-1060
Mansonic schistosomiasis is a neglected disease transmitted by Biomphalaria spp. snails. Understanding what happens inside the intermediate host is important to develop more efficient ways of reducing schistosomiasis prevalence. Our purpose was to characterize metabolic and immunological changes in Biomphalaria glabrata 24 h after exposure to Schistosoma mansoni. For this purpose, proteins were extracted from snails’ whole tissue with Tris-Urea buffer and digested with tripsin. Mass spectrometry was performed and analyzed with MaxQuant and Perseus software. Also, the hemolymph of five snails 24 h post exposure was collected, and the numbers of hemocytes, levels of urea, uric acid, nitric oxide, calcium, glycogen and alanine and aspartate aminotransferases activities were assessed. Snails were also dissected for measurement of glycogen content in the cephalopodal region and gonoda-digestive gland complex. Globin domain proteins were found to be up-regulated; also the number of circulating hemocytes was significantly higher after 24 h of exposure to the parasite. NO levels were higher 24 h post exposure. Several proteins associated with energy metabolism were found to be up-regulated. Glycogen analysis showed a significant decrease in the gonad-digestive gland complex glycogen content. We found several proteins which seem to be associated with the host immune response, most of which were up-regulated, however some were down-regulated, which may represent an important clue in understanding B. glabrata – S. mansoni compatibility. 相似文献
48.
Sara Rocha Ricardo Ferraz Cristina Prudêncio Maria Helena Fernandes João Costa-Rodrigues 《Journal of cellular physiology》2019,234(11):19691-19701
Antiepileptic drugs (AED) have been associated to in vivo deleterious consequences in bone tissue. The present work aimed to characterize the cellular and molecular effects of five different AED on human osteoclastogenesis and osteblastogenesis. It was observed that the different drugs had the ability to differentially modulate both processes, in a way dependent on the identity and dose of the AED. Shortly, valproic acid stimulated either osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, whereas carbamazepine, gabapentin, and lamotrigine revealed an opposite behavior; topiramate elicited a decrease of osteoclast development and an increase in osteoblast differentiation. This is the first report describing the direct effects of different AED on human primary bone cells, which is a very important issue, because these drugs are usually consumed in long-term therapeutics, with acknowledged in vivo effects in bone tissue. 相似文献
49.
The increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and life expectancy of diabetic patients fosters the worldwide prevalence of retinopathy and nephropathy, two major microvascular complications that have been difficult to treat with contemporary glucose-lowering medications. The gut microbiota (GM) has become a lively field research in the last years; there is a growing recognition that altered intestinal microbiota composition and function can directly impact the phenomenon of ageing and age-related disorders. In fact, human GM, envisaged as a potential source of novel therapeutics, strongly modulates host immunity and metabolism. It is now clear that gut dysbiosis and their products (e.g. p-cresyl sulfate, trimethylamine?N?oxide) dictate a secretory associated senescence phenotype and chronic low-grade inflammation, features shared in the physiological process of ageing (“inflammaging”) as well as in T2DM (“metaflammation”) and in its microvascular complications. This review provides an in-depth look on the crosstalk between GM, host immunity and metabolism. Further, it characterizes human GM signatures of elderly and T2DM patients. Finally, a comprehensive scrutiny of recent molecular findings (e.g. epigenetic changes) underlying causal relationships between GM dysbiosis and diabetic retinopathy/nephropathy complications is pinpointed, with the ultimate goal to unravel potential pathophysiological mechanisms that may be explored, in a near future, as personalized disease-modifying therapeutic approaches. 相似文献
50.
Maria Cristina Baracat-Pereira Maria Cristina Dantas Vanetti Elza Fernandes de Araujo Daison Olzany Silva 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1993,11(3):139-142
Summary
Aspergillus fumigatus strain 4, cultured on citrus pectin as the sole carbon source, produced polygalacturonases whose activity was optimum at 65°C and pH 3.5–4.5. The enzymes presented a bimodal thermostability for 10 min, but not 60 min, of incubation. Polygalacturonases showed pH stability between 3.0 to 9.0. The enzymes were stable when stored at 4–6°C for 90 days, but their activity was reduced by 24% when they were stored at 26–30°C. Orange pulp was the best pectic carbon source tested for the production of pectinases capable of retting ramie fibers. The reutilization of these enzymes was possible, suggesting the viability of industrial use of pectinases for degumming ramie fibers. 相似文献