东亚中更新世古人类下颔第二臼齿釉质-齿质连接面三维形状和釉质厚度分布

东亚中更新世古人类在头骨、下颌骨、牙齿等解剖部位表现出不同程度的形态多样性,中期成员代表为直立人,而晚期成员的演化地位具有较大争议。为进一步了解东亚中更新世古人类内部的形态变异特点和为东亚中更新世晚期古人类分类提供依据,本文使用微分同胚的表面匹配（Diffeomorphic Surface Matching, DSM）和形态测量图（Morphometric map）对下颌第二臼齿（M₂）釉质-齿质连接面的形状和齿冠侧面釉质厚度分布模式进行了量化分析。结果显示：1）东亚中更新世古人类与晚期人属成员（尼安德特人和现代人）存在较明显的形态差别;2）该时段晚期的东亚古人类相对中期直立人在侧面釉质厚度分布规律上具有独特性,并在釉质-齿质连接面的三维形状上与晚期人属成员更加接近。本文在以往对东亚中更新世古人类牙齿内外结构单个性状研究的基础上,使用三维形态测量方法进一步量化了M₂釉质-齿质连接面三维形状和侧面釉质厚度分布模式两项重要特征的变异特点,这对未来该时段同类型牙齿的形态鉴定以及解决东亚中更新世晚期古人类的分类地位具有一定意义。     

高秆野生稻内生固氮细菌多样性

高秆野生稻(Oryza alta)是一种重要的种质资源, 其组织内也蕴藏着非常宝贵的功能微生物资源。本实验采用无氮培养基, 从高秆野生稻中分离到43株内生固氮菌, 结合乙炔还原法测定其固氮酶活性。经固氮酶基因(nifH)的PCR扩增检测, 43株内生固氮菌代表菌株均能扩增出固氮酶基因片段。利用IS-PCR DNA指纹图谱和SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白电泳图谱将获得的菌株聚类为6个类群(I、II、III、IV、V、VI)。对各个类群的代表菌株(ZF3, ZF8, ZF13, ZF15, ZF24, ZF43)进行16S rRNA基因序列测定, 结果表明, 类群I属于土生拉乌尔菌(Raoultella terrigena), 类群II属于类肺炎克雷伯氏菌类肺炎亚种(Klebsiella quasipnmoniae subsp. quasipneumoniae), 类群III属于越南伯克氏菌(Burkholderia vietnamiensis), 类群IV的菌株代表肠秆菌属的一个类群(Enterobacter sp.), 类群V的菌株属于门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina), 类群VI归属于固氮植物菌(Phytobacter diazotrophicus)。Biolog聚类结果与IS-PCR指纹图谱类型及SDS-PAGE全细胞蛋白聚类结果一致。Biolog板测定结果显示, 来自不同类群的代表菌株对碳源的利用差异显著, 说明野生稻内多样的内生固氮菌从环境中获取碳源和氮素的适应能力较强。     

中国西藏种子植物区系新资料

本文报道了采自西藏喜马拉雅南坡的8个中国种子植物新记录种以及1个西藏新记录属。前者分别是吉隆牛奶菜(Marsdenia roylei)、塔基棕榈(Trachycarpus takil)、喀西蜂斗草(Sonerila khasiana)、旋花锡生藤(Cissampelos convolvulacea)、吉隆角盘兰(Herminium edgeworthii)、尼泊尔西番莲(Passiflora napalensis)、椭穗姜花(Hedychium ellipticum)和藏南象牙参(Roscoea brandisii); 1个西藏新记录属为箭药藤属(Belostemma) (箭药藤 Belostemma hirsutum)。凭证标本存放于中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园标本馆(HITBC)和西藏自治区高原生物研究所标本室(XZ)。     

Evolution of an inducible penicillin-target protein in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by gene fusion

A new beta-lactam-inducible penicillin-binding protein (PBP) that has extremely low affinity to penicillin and most other beta-lactam antibiotics has been widely found in highly beta-lactam(methicillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The gene for this protein was sequenced and the nucleotide sequence in its promoter and close upstream area was found to show close similarity with that of staphylococcal penicillinase, while the amino acid sequence over a wide range of the molecule was found to be similar to those of two PBPs of Escherichia coli, the shape-determining protein (PBP 2) and septum-forming one (PBP 3). Probably the MRSA PBP (Mr 76462) evolved by recombination of two genes: an inducible type I penicillinase gene and a PBP gene of a bacterium, causing the formation of a beta-lactam-inducible MRSA PBP.     

黑龙江省甘南县旧石器地点发现的新材料

黑龙江省的旧石器考古发掘与研究始于上世纪30年代,迄今为止已有正式报道或发表的遗址和地点100余处,分布在黑龙江省境内各处,年代上均属于旧石器时代晚期.2017年初,根据齐齐哈尔市查哈阳农场群众提供的线索,笔者等在甘南县环太平湖水库周边发现多处旧石器地点以及原料产地.经对该地区的踏勘调查和对一处地点的小规模剖面清理发现...     

茶条槭愈伤组织的再生体系建立及其没食子酸含量的测定

通过愈伤组织诱导途径, 建立了快速高效的茶条槭再生体系。成熟种子在MS+1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA的培养基中萌发, 以茎段作为外植体, 在WPM+0.002-0.01 mg·L-1 TDZ+0.1 mg·L-1 6-BA中培养3周诱导形成愈伤组织, 诱导频率平均为98.0%。愈伤组织转入WPM+0.01 mg·L-1 TDZ+0.1 mg·L-1 6-BA培养基中得到再生芽, 分化频率为42.0%,平均每块愈伤产生再生芽10个左右。转到WPM+0.3 mg·L-1 IBA的培养基上的再生芽均可生根并长成完整植株, 小苗移栽成活率达到89.0%。实验还建立了愈伤组织中没食子酸的提取和HPLC检测方法。对深绿色愈伤组织连续培养2个继代后, 没食子酸含量达到2.8%。     

Seasonal occurrence of helminths in the anadromous fish Coilia nasus (Engraulidae): parasite indicators of fish migratory movements

To understand the seasonal migration of the anadromous Coilia nasus , we attempted to identify the parasites infecting C. nasus and determine their seasonal occurrence. From June 2007 to July 2008, a survey of 775 C. nasus individuals from the estuary of the Yangtze River and the coast of the East China Sea revealed more than 7,300 parasites associated with the gills and alimentary tracts of C. nasus . The following 6 helminth taxa were identified, i.e., the monogeneans Heteromazocraes lingmueni and Helciferus tenuis, the digenean Elytrophallus coiliae, the acanthocephalan Acanthosentis cheni , and larvae of the nematodes Anisakis simplex and Contracaecum sp., all of which are marine or brackish-water parasites. The absence of freshwater helminths suggested that the parasites acquired in freshwater may have been accidentally, and easily, lost by the time the fish had reached the estuary and coast. Contrary to seasonal occurrence of the parasites' life cycles, the lowest mean abundance and prevalence of H. lingmueni and A. cheni occurred in August, which suggested the immigration of C. nasus from freshwater to the Yangtze estuary, with lower parasite burdens. The highest mean abundance and prevalence of the nematodes A. simplex and Contracaecum sp. in May and June, and the lowest in August, indicated the arrival of the fish from the coast and the Yangtze River, to the estuary, respectively. These findings suggested that a majority of the fish prepared for spawning migration in the estuary in spring and early summer and returned to the estuary after spawning in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River in late summer.     

Purification and spectroscopic properties of 124-kDa oat phytochrome

A simplified procedure for the isolation and purification of 124-kDa phytochrome from etiolated Avena seedlings has been developed using the method of ammonium sulfate back-extraction. After hydroxyapatite chromatography of seedling tissue extracts, the pooled phytochrome was subjected to ammonium sulfate back-extraction instead of the usual application to an Affi-Gel Blue column. The resulting phytochrome had specific absorbance ratios (SAR = A666/A280) ranging from 0.85 to 0.95. Subsequent Bio-Gel filtration chromatography yielded highly pure 124-kDa phytochrome with SAR values ranging from 0.99 to 1.13. The absorption maxima of 124-kDa phytochrome were at 280, 379, and 666 nm for the red absorbing form of phytochrome (Pr) and at 280, 400 and 730 nm for the far-red absorbing form (Pfr). The A730/A673 ratio in Pfr was found to be 1.5 to 1.6. The mole fraction of Pfr under red light photoequilibrium was 0.88. No dark reversion was detected within 5 h at 3 degrees C. A photoreversible far-uv-circular dichroism was observable with all phytochrome preparations examined. Fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetimes were measured to further characterize the differences between the phytochromes prepared under different conditions. The Trp fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetimes of Pr and Pfr with the chromophore "X", probably polyphenolic in nature, were significantly shorter than those of phytochrome without the contaminant X. The short lifetime of the fluorescence of the Pr chromophore is attributable to X in the former.     

蛋白质组学在农业生物科学研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代的新兴研究领域,详细介绍了蛋白质组学的原理和方法在农业生物科学研究中的最新应用进展,提出了蛋白质组学技术目前所面临的问题,并展望了今后的发展前景.     

Aquaporin water channels and lung physiology

Fluid transport across epithelial and endothelial barriers occurs in the neonatal and adult lungs. Biophysical measurements in the intact lung and cell isolates have indicated that osmotic water permeability is exceptionally high across alveolar epithelia and endothelia and moderately high across airway epithelia. This review is focused on the role of membrane water-transporting proteins, the aquaporins (AQPs), in high lung water permeability and lung physiology. The lung expresses several AQPs: AQP1 in microvascular endothelia, AQP3 in large airways, AQP4 in large- and small-airway epithelia, and AQP5 in type I alveolar epithelial cells. Lung phenotype analysis of transgenic mice lacking each of these AQPs has been informative. Osmotically driven water permeability between the air space and capillary compartments is reduced approximately 10-fold by deletion of AQP1 or AQP5 and reduced even more by deletion of AQP1 and AQP4 or AQP1 and AQP5 together. AQP1 deletion greatly reduces osmotically driven water transport across alveolar capillaries but has only a minor effect on hydrostatic lung filtration, which primarily involves paracellular water movement. However, despite the major role of AQPs in lung osmotic water permeabilities, AQP deletion has little or no effect on physiologically important lung functions, such as alveolar fluid clearance in adult and neonatal lung, and edema accumulation after lung injury. Although AQPs play a major role in renal and central nervous system physiology, the data to date on AQP knockout mice do not support an important role of high lung water permeabilities or AQPs in lung physiology. However, there remain unresolved questions about possible non-water-transporting roles of AQPs and about the role of AQPs in airway physiology, pleural fluid dynamics, and edema after lung infection.