Characterization of genome-wide simple sequence repeats and application in interspecific genetic map integration in kiwifruit

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) have been widely used in the construction of linkage maps, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping, and marker-assisted selection (MAS). The availability of the sequenced Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) genome allows for the inexpensive and efficient development of microsatellite markers. In this study, a total of 49,067 SSRs were identified and characterized in the genome sequences of kiwifruit. Dinucleotide repeats are the most abundant SSRs, with the AG/TC motif accounting for 44.2 % of all SSRs in the genome. Fifty-five newly derived SSRs, together with 46 previously available SSRs, were integrated into linkage maps of an interspecific kiwifruit population. In addition, eight sex-linked SSR markers (including one previously published SSR) were mapped in the sex-related region on the LG25, suggesting that recombination is partially suppressed to maintain dioecy in kiwifruit. The SSRs developed from this study are a valuable resource for kiwifruit genetics and will contribute to the use of MAS in early sex determination of dioecious plant breeding.     

3D Vertically Aligned and Interconnected Porous Carbon Nanosheets as Sulfur Immobilizers for High Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

A unique nanostructure of 3D and vertically aligned and interconnected porous carbon nanosheets (3D‐VCNs) is demonstrated by a simple carbonization of agar. The key feature of 3D‐VCNs is that they possess numerous 3D channels with macrovoids and mesopores, leading to high surface area of 1750 m² g^?1, which play an important role in loading large amount of sulfur, while vertically aligned microporous carbon nanosheets act as the multilayered physical barrier against polysulfides anions and prevent their dissolution in the electrolyte due to strong adsorption during cycling process. As a result, the 3D hybrid (3D‐S‐VCNs) infiltered with 68.3 wt% sulfur exhibits a high and stable reversible capacity of 844 mAh g^?1 at the current density of 837 mA g^?1 with excellent Coulombic efficiency ≈100%, capacity retention of ≈80.3% over 300 cycles, and good rate ability (the reversible capacity of 738 mAh g^?1 at the high current density of 3340 mA g^?1). The present work highlights the vital role of the introduction of 3D carbon nanosheets with macrovoids and mesopores in enhancing the performance of LSBs.     

Self‐Assembled BiFeO3‐ε‐Fe2O3 Vertical Heteroepitaxy for Visible Light Photoelectrochemistry

Self‐assembled vertical heterostructure with a high interface‐to‐volume ratio offers tremendous opportunities to realize intriguing properties and advanced modulation of functionalities. Here, a heterostructure composed of two visible‐light photocatalysts, BiFeO₃ (BFO) and ε‐Fe₂O₃ (ε‐FO), is designed to investigate its photoelectrochemical performance. The structural characterization of the BFO‐FO heterostructures confirms the phase separation with BFO nanopillars embedded in the ε‐FO matrix. The investigation of band structure of the heterojunction suggests the assistance of photoexcited carrier separation, leading to an enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. The insights into the charge separation are further revealed by means of ultrafast dynamics and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies. This work shows a delicate design of the self‐assembled vertical heteroepitaxy by taking advantage of the intimate contact between two phases that can lead to a tunable charge interaction, providing a new configuration for the optimization of photoelectrochemical cell.     

Improved extracellular expression and high-cell-density fed-batch fermentation of chitosanase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus Fumigatus</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis>

Chitosanase (CSN) from Aspergillus fumigatus has good thermal stability, wide pH range duration, and effective hydrolysis for chitosan. Inhere, CSN was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli followed by extracellular secretion under the guidance of an N-terminal signal peptide PelB, which effectively prompted its secretion out of E. coli cells. To facilitate its later purification, N-terminal or C-terminal 6xHis epitope tag was added to the PelB-CSN protein complex. Our results indicated that PelB-CSN without 6xHis-tag (PelB-CSN) or with N-terminal 6xHis-tag (PelB-CSN-N) can both be effectively secreted into the medium, while CSN with 6xHis-tag anchored at C-terminus was expressed as inclusion bodies. Process optimization strategies were further developed to improve the secretion efficiency of recombinant PelB-CSN-N in E. coli. Under the induction of 10 g/L lactose in shake-flask culture, the extracellular activity of CSN reached 6015 U/mL at 25 °C in TB medium containing 1 % glycine. Moreover, a fed-batch fermentation strategy for high-cell-density cultivation was applied in a 5-L fermenter, increasing the extracellular CSN activity to 14,000 U/mL in 2-day fermentation with the optimal addition of lactose and glycine.     

Non-water miscible ionic liquid improves biocatalytic production of geranyl glucoside with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> overexpressing a glucosyltransferase

Whole cells of Escherichia coli overexpressing a glucosyltransferase from Vitis vinifera were used for the glucosylation of geraniol to geranyl glucoside. A high cell density cultivation process for the production of whole-cell biocatalysts was developed, gaining a dry cell mass concentration of up to 67.6 ± 1.2 g L^?1 and a glucosyltransferase concentration of up to 2.7 ± 0.1 g protein L^?1 within a process time of 48 h. Whole-cell batch biotransformations in milliliter-scale stirred-tank bioreactors showed highest conversion of geraniol at pH 7.0 although the pH optimum of the purified glucosyltransferase was at pH 8.5. The biocatalytic batch process performance was improved significantly by the addition of a water-immiscible ionic liquid (N-hexylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imid) for in situ substrate supply. The so far highest final geranyl glucoside concentration (291 ± 9 mg L^?1) and conversion (71 ± 2 %) reported for whole-cell biotransformations of geraniol were achieved with 5 % (v/v) of the ionic liquid.     

Skin aging caused by intrinsic or extrinsic processes characterized with functional proteomics

The skin provides protection against environmental stress. However, intrinsic and extrinsic aging causes significant alteration to skin structure and components, which subsequently impairs molecular characteristics and biochemical processes. Here, we have conducted an immunohistological investigation and established the proteome profiles on nude mice skin to verify the specific responses during aging caused by different factors. Our results showed that UVB‐elicited aging results in upregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and strong oxidative damage in DNA, whereas chronological aging abolished epidermal cell growth and increased the expression of caspase‐14, as well as protein carbonylation. Network analysis indicated that the programmed skin aging activated the ubiquitin system and triggered obvious downregulation of 14‐3‐3 sigma, which might accelerate the loss of cell growth capacity. On the other hand, UVB stimulation enhanced inflammation and the risk of skin carcinogenesis. Collectively, functional proteomics could provide large‐scale investigation of the potent proteins and molecules that play important roles in skin subjected to both intrinsic and extrinsic aging.