pUC19K质粒的构建及其在布鲁氏菌突变株构建中的应用

突变株的构建是细菌基因功能研究的前提。本研究构建了一个可用于布鲁氏菌突变株构建的自杀质粒。在pUC19质粒的多克隆位点插入卡那霉素抗性基因,在该基因两侧添加多个酶切位点,构建成为pUC19K。利用该质粒,我们构建了布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白Omp25基因的突变株。结果表明,利用该自杀质粒,通过一轮筛选即可得到目标基因被抗性基因替换的突变株。pUC19K质粒的构建及成功应用,为布鲁氏菌突变株的构建提供了一个快速有效的手段,也为布鲁氏菌的基因功能研究奠定了基础。     

Species traits and climate velocity explain geographic range shifts in an ocean‐warming hotspot

Species' ranges are shifting globally in response to climate warming, with substantial variability among taxa, even within regions. Relationships between range dynamics and intrinsic species traits may be particularly apparent in the ocean, where temperature more directly shapes species' distributions. Here, we test for a role of species traits and climate velocity in driving range extensions in the ocean‐warming hotspot of southeast Australia. Climate velocity explained some variation in range shifts, however, including species traits more than doubled the variation explained. Swimming ability, omnivory and latitudinal range size all had positive relationships with range extension rate, supporting hypotheses that increased dispersal capacity and ecological generalism promote extensions. We find independent support for the hypothesis that species with narrow latitudinal ranges are limited by factors other than climate. Our findings suggest that small‐ranging species are in double jeopardy, with limited ability to escape warming and greater intrinsic vulnerability to stochastic disturbances.     

地上部植食者褐飞虱对不同水稻品种土壤线虫群落的影响

地上和地下部生物群落的交互作用对于调控陆地生态过程具有重要作用。在盆栽条件下利用2×2析因设计研究了褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)取食不同水稻品种后对土壤线虫群落的影响。结果表明, 褐飞虱侵害水稻9 d后, 感虫品种(广四和汕优63)的土壤线虫总数、属数及自生线虫(食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫和捕食性线虫)数量增加, 并且一般达到显著水平(P<0.05); 而上述指标在抗虫品种(汕优559和IR36)土壤中则呈现相反的趋势。植食性线虫数量在强感虫品种广四上显著增加(P<0.05), 而在强抗虫品种IR36上显著减少(P<0.05)。褐飞虱和水稻品种对土壤线虫的生态指数(线虫通道指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、成熟度指数、富集指数和结构指数)没有明显影响, 可能与供试土壤线虫群落组成单一及褐飞虱作用时间较短有关。总之, 褐飞虱强烈影响土壤线虫数量、群落组成和营养结构, 并且作用的方向(促进或抑制)和程度依赖于水稻的品种特性, 揭示出地上部植食者的短期侵害将对稻田土壤生态系统的结构和功能产生深远影响。     

光质对马铃薯试管薯形成的影响

以两个试管薯形成能力不同的马铃薯脱毒试管苗为材料,研究不同光质(白光、红光、蓝光)对马铃薯试管苗生长和试管薯形成的影响.结果表明：红光下试管苗叶片的净光合速率、可溶性糖含量和生物量最高,试管苗叶片数多.蓝光对试管苗干物质含量和试管苗发育后期的结薯数量以及结薯期提前有明显促进作用,但对试管苗株高有明显抑制作用.白光下试管苗净光合速率和干物质含量最低.不同品种试管薯的形成对光质的要求有一定差异.总之,壮苗培养阶段采用红光,试管薯诱导阶段采用蓝光处理利于提高试管薯产量.     

“共轭聚合物-产电菌”复合生物电极构建及其在微生物燃料电池中的应用

微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC)作为一种生物电化学装置,在可再生能源生产和废水处理方面的巨大潜力已引起广泛关注。然而MFC面临输出功率低、欧姆内阻高以及启动时间长等问题,极大限制了其在实际工程中的应用。MFC中阳极是微生物附着的载体,对电子的产生及传递起着关键作用,开发优质的生物电极已发展成为改善MFC性能的有效途径。共轭聚合物具有成本低、电导率高、化学稳定性及生物相容性好等优点,利用共轭聚合物修饰生物电极结构,可以实现大比表面积、缩短电荷转移路径,从而实现高效生物电化学性能。同时,纳米级共轭聚合物包覆细菌,可以使细菌产生的电子有效地传递到电极。文中综述了最近报道的共轭聚合物在MFC中的应用,重点介绍了共轭聚合物修饰的MFC阳极,系统分析了共轭聚合物的优点及局限性,以及这些高效复合生物电极如何解决MFC应用中存在的低输出功率、高欧姆内阻及长启动时间等问题。     

棉铃虫发生与北太平洋海温的遥相关 及其长期灾变预警

本文分析了山东郓城26年（1974～1999）、德州22年（1978～1999）和江苏丰县20年（1980～1999）棉铃虫百株累计卵量与北太平洋海温的遥相关关系及其时空动态规律,并选出相关显著程度P<0.05概率水平、空间分布范围较大、持续时间较长而稳定的组合作为关键预测因子组建了郓城、德州棉铃虫三代卵,丰县棉铃虫二代卵的预测模型,并筛选出最优长期灾变预警模型。结果表明：① 北太平洋海温场与棉铃虫种群数量消长存在显著或极显著的遥相关区域,其位置及范围随时间变化,但存在若干呈现出空间稳定性和时间持续性的大面积相关显著区域。② 郓城棉铃虫三代卵量和丰县棉铃虫二代卵量与北太平洋海温场的相关区分布形式很相似,与前两年1月份北太平洋月平均海温场存在大片相关显著的区域（35°～ 55°N,135°E～135°W）,持续时间达4个月之久;而德州棉铃虫三代卵量与前两年7～9月份北太平洋低纬度海温有大范围相关显著区（1°～17°N,165°E～120°W）。 ③ 用前两年1～11月份北太平洋海温场相关显著区内各格点的月平均海温距平的平均值做因子建立了棉铃虫长期灾变预警模型,预测检验结果表明：郓城棉铃虫三代卵6年（1994～1999）中报准5年,丰县棉铃虫二代卵5年（1995～1999）中报准3年,德州棉铃虫三代卵5年（1995～1999）全部符合。据此可提前20～27个月做棉铃虫的长期灾变预警。     

Mechanisms of cadmium detoxification in cattail (Typha angustifolia L.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread heavy metal pollutant and environmental and human health hazard, which may be partially resolved using green and cost-effective phytoremediation techniques. However, the efficiency of phytoremediation is often limited by the small biomass of Cd-hyperaccumulator plants. Although cattail (Typha angustifolia L.) is tolerant of heavy metals and has a high biomass, there is little information available on its detoxification mechanisms for heavy metals, especially Cd. In the present study we investigated the tolerance of cattail to Cd and mechanisms involved in its Cd detoxification. Our results show that: (a) cattail is tolerant of Cd; (b) the root Casparian band, cell wall, vacuole, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) play important roles in Cd detoxification; and (c) mechanisms of Cd detoxification differ in leaf cell cytoplasm (mainly a GSH-related antioxidant defense system) and root cell cytoplasm (mainly a GSH-related chelation system). In summary, cattail possesses multiple detoxification mechanisms for Cd and is a promising species for phytoremediation of Cd-polluted environments.     

水稻7种不同细胞质源滇型不育系间恢保关系研究

本研究选用7种细胞质源不同的滇型不育系为母本,10个常用品种或品系为父本,得到70个杂交组合.通过分析70个杂交后代的花粉可育度和自然结实率可知,这7个细胞质源不同的滇型不育系之间的保持关系基本一致;5个滇一型恢复系对这7个不育系的恢复能力差异较大.鉴于7种不同细胞质源不育系的保持关系相同,使转育同核异质不育系成为可能,从而为实现滇型杂交水稻细胞质多样化提供了实验依据.     

融合基因umcel5N-CBM的构建、表达及融合酶性质分析

BM,并实现了融合基因在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS中的表达.研究结果表明,融合酶Umcel5N-CBM与结晶纤维素(avicel)以及滤纸粉末的结合能力比原始酶Umcel5N提高了约一倍,但未显示出降解结晶纤维素的新活性,说明在结晶纤维素的降解过程中,纤维素酶的催化功能域起到关键作用.     

MST1 promotes apoptosis through phosphorylation of histone H2AX

MST1 (mammalian STE20-like kinase 1) is a serine/threonine kinase that is cleaved and activated by caspases during apoptosis. Overexpression of MST1 induces apoptotic morphological changes such as chromatin condensation, but the mechanism is not clear. Here we show that MST1 induces apoptotic chromatin condensation through its phosphorylation of histone H2AX at Ser-139. During etoposide-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells, the cleavage of MST1 directly corresponded with strong H2AX phosphorylation. In vitro kinase assay results showed that MST1 strongly phosphorylates histone H2AX. Western blot and kinase assay results with a mutant S139A H2AX confirmed that MST1 phosphorylates H2AX at Ser-139. Direct binding of MST1 and H2AX can be detected when co-expressed in HEK293 cells and was also confirmed by an endogenous immunoprecipitation study. When overexpressed in HeLa cells, both the MST1 full-length protein and the MST1 kinase domain (MST1-NT), but not the kinase-negative mutant (MST1-NT-KN), could induce obvious endogenous histone H2AX phosphorylation. The caspase-3 inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-DEVD-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-DEVD-fmk) attenuates phosphorylation of H2AX by MST1 but cannot inhibit MST1-NT-induced histone H2AX phosphorylation, indicating that cleaved MST1 is responsible for H2AX phosphorylation during apoptosis. Histone H2AX phosphorylation and DNA fragmentation were suppressed in MST1 knockdown Jurkat cells after etoposide treatment. Taken together, our data indicated that H2AX is a substrate of MST1, which functions to induce apoptotic chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation.