转Bt水稻土壤跳虫群落组成及其数量变化

以转Bt水稻恢复系"克螟稻"(Cry1Ab纯合基因型)和"华恢1号"(Cry1Ab+Cry1Ac融合基因型)以及融合基因型转Bt水稻杂交系"Bt汕忧63",及其对照亲本水稻"秀水11"、"明恢63"和"汕优63"稻田土壤跳虫类群为对象,系统研究转Bt水稻种植下土壤跳虫群落组成及其数量动态变化,以评价不同基因型和不同育种品系转Bt水稻种植下稻田土壤生态安全性。结果表明,转Bt水稻种植导致土壤跳虫个别稀有类群的消失,并显著影响半土生和真土生类群以及土壤跳虫总量,但对群落多样性、均匀度和种类丰富度等影响不显著。与对照亲本相比,Cry1Ab转Bt稻田半土生类群和土壤跳虫总量及其种类丰富度指标显著增加了54.7%、44.4%和26.7%;Cry1Ab+Cry1Ac转Bt杂交稻田球角跳属百分比和真土生跳虫数量显著增加了212.3%和180.4%。就恢复系处理而言,与Cry1Ab转Bt水稻相比,Cry1Ab+Cry1Ac转Bt水稻种植导致棘跳属、球角跳属和原等跳属百分比以及半土生跳虫数量分别显著降低了62.1%、56.7%、61.8%和43.4%,同时,显著提高了裔符跳属百分比达88.2%。就Cry1Ab+Cry1Ac融合基因型转Bt水稻而言,与恢复系相比,转Bt杂交稻种植导致球角跳属和原等跳属百分比,半土生类群和土壤跳虫总量及其种类丰富度和群落多样性显著增加了312.9%和171.6%,302.4%和233.2%,以及54.0%和26.7%,同时,显著降低了裔符跳属百分比达65.5%。     

南京农业大学微生物学虚拟仿真实验教学模式的探索

借助虚拟仿真技术构建的虚实结合的虚拟仿真实验,是提高学生实践动手能力的有力补充和有效途径。本文通过对微生物学实验教学现状的分析,探讨南京农业大学微生物学虚拟仿真实验教学模式建设的意义,重点阐述建设思路、建设方案及教学特点。该仿真实验教学体系主要从基础微生物学和应用微生物学两大模块进行构建,同时将本校的污水生物处理技术、食用菌资源调查与利用等科研成果转化为教学资源,以丰富实验教学内容。     

中国农业系统近40年温室气体排放核算

基于排放因子法构建了包含种植业和牲畜养殖业的农业系统温室气体排放核算体系,系统核算了1980-2020年我国全国尺度上的农业系统温室气体排放总量和变化趋势,并在区县级尺度下对1980、2000、2011年的中国农业系统的温室气体排放量进行核算,对比不同阶段农业系统温室气体排放变化的时空异质性规律。研究发现：1980-2020年我国农业系统温室气体排放量呈波动增长趋势,增长了近46%。CH₄是农业系统排放贡献最大的温室气体,占总排放量的47.33%。我国农业系统温室气体排放与不同地区农业生产方式有关,CH₄排放量高的地区主要位于我国主要水稻产区以及旱地作物产区。CO₂排放量高的地区主要位于东北、西北等地区以及华东地区。N₂O排放量较高地区主要位于西北的主要畜牧养殖地区,以及我国农业经济发展水平高的中南部地区。研究有助于揭示我国农业温室气体排放的动态特征,现状规律,以及空间差异性特征,从农业减排角度为实现双碳目标提供科学参考。     

典型矿区植被覆盖度时空分布特征及影响因素

植被状况可以直接或间接地反映采煤对生态环境的影响。以长河井工煤矿、离柳井工煤矿、平朔露天煤矿3个典型矿区为研究区域。以Landsat数据为数据源,基于地形调节植被指数的像元二分模型提取植被覆盖度;采用趋势分析、线性回归斜率、稳定性分析方法,分析了3个典型矿区2001-2016年植被覆盖度的时空变化特征;运用"以时间换空间"的方法,采用相关分析方法对植被覆盖度变化的自然影响因素进行了分析。结果表明：（1）近16年3个典型矿区植被覆盖度呈增加趋势,长河、离柳、平朔矿区的增长速率分别为0.09%/10 a、0.10%/10 a、0.08%/10 a（P > 0.05）。（2）空间上,长河、离柳、平朔矿区植被覆盖度变化不明显比例分别占到66.63%,59.90%,62.25%,呈增加趋势的比例仅分别占28.14%、32.55%、27.81%,而呈减少趋势的比例分别占到5.23%、7.55%、9.94%。长河矿区明显改善的区域位于自然植被和耕作区的北部和东北部,离柳矿区明显改善的区域位于以低植被覆盖度为主的北部,平朔矿区明显改善的区域位于复垦的中西部。（3）不区分植被类型时,3个矿区的植被覆盖度变化与高程、高程与温度的交互作用表现出显著相关性（P < 0.01）,与各自然因素的相关性总体表现为长河 > 离柳 > 平朔矿区;区分植被类型时,草地与坡度的相关性不显著（P > 0.05）,与降雨量、高程存在显著正相关（P < 0.05）;灌木林与温度相关性不显著,与高程和降雨量的交互作用存在显著正相关;旱地与高程、高程与温度的交互作用存在显著相关性;疏林地与坡向、降雨量与坡向坡度的交互作用均没有表现出相关性;有林地与高程降雨量的交互作用表现出显著正相关性。探讨不同植被类型对自然因素的响应,可为矿区植被结构的选择,矿区复垦提供参考依据。     

Caveolin-1 identified as a key mediator of acute lung injury using bioinformatics and functional research

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a potentially life-threatening, devastating disease with an extremely high rate of mortality. The underlying mechanism of ALI is currently unclear. In this study, we aimed to confirm the hub genes associated with ALI and explore their functions and molecular mechanisms using bioinformatics methods. Five microarray datasets available in GEO were used to perform Robust Rank Aggregation (RRA) to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the key genes were identified via the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Lipopolysaccharide intraperitoneal injection was administered to establish an ALI model. Overall, 40 robust DEGs, which are mainly involved in the inflammatory response, protein catabolic process, and NF-κB signaling pathway were identified. Among these DEGs, we identified two genes associated with ALI, of which the CAV-1/NF-κB axis was significantly upregulated in ALI, and was identified as one of the most effective targets for ALI prevention. Subsequently, the expression of CAV-1 was knocked down using AAV-shCAV-1 or CAV-1-siRNA to study its effect on the pathogenesis of ALI in vivo and in vitro. The results of this study indicated that CAV-1/NF-κB axis levels were elevated in vivo and in vitro, accompanied by an increase in lung inflammation and autophagy. The knockdown of CAV-1 may improve ALI. Mechanistically, inflammation was reduced mainly by decreasing the expression levels of CD3 and F4/80, and activating autophagy by inhibiting AKT/mTOR and promoting the AMPK signaling pathway. Taken together, this study provides crucial evidence that CAV-1 knockdown inhibits the occurrence of ALI, suggesting that the CAV-1/NF-κB axis may be a promising therapeutic target for ALI treatment.Subject terms: Cell signalling, Respiratory tract diseases     

Age‐related memory vulnerability to interfering stimuli is caused by gradual loss of MAPK‐dependent protection in Drosophila

Age‐related memory impairment (AMI) is a common phenomenon across species. Vulnerability to interfering stimuli has been proposed to be an important cause of AMI. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this vulnerability‐related AMI remain unknown. Here we show that learning‐activated MAPK signals are gradually lost with age, leading to vulnerability‐related AMI in Drosophila. Young flies (2‐ or 3‐day‐old) exhibited a significant increase in phosphorylated MAPK levels within 15 min after learning, whereas aged flies (25‐day‐old) did not. Compared to 3‐day‐old flies, significant 1 h memory impairments were observed in 15‐, 20‐, and 30‐day‐old flies, but not in 10‐day‐old flies. However, with post‐learning interfering stimuli such as cooling or electric stimuli, 10‐day‐old flies had worse memory performance at 1 h than 3‐day‐old flies, showing a premature AMI phenomenon. Increasing learning‐activated MAPK signals through acute transgene expression in mushroom body (MB) neurons restored physiological trace of 1 h memory in a pair of MB output neurons in aged flies. Decreasing such signals in young flies mimicked the impairment of 1 h memory trace in aged flies. Restoring learning‐activated MAPK signals in MB neurons in aged flies significantly suppressed AMI even with interfering stimuli. Thus, our data suggest that age‐related loss of learning‐activated neuronal MAPK signals causes memory vulnerability to interfering stimuli, thereby leading to AMI.     

黄土丘陵区撂荒群落演替序列种根系对氮素施肥方式和水平的形态响应

采用盆栽试验,研究了黄土丘陵区撂荒群落演替序列种(即,黄土丘陵区摞荒群落演替主要阶段的优势种)根系对氮素施肥方式和水平的形态响应,对了解我国氮沉降增加背景下的群落生态效应及人为施肥干扰促进植被恢复具有较好的理论和实践意义。测试并分析了6个演替序列种在不同施氮方式(匀质和异质施氮)和水平(高、低和无氮对照)条件下植株个体生物量指标(地上及地下生物量和根冠比)、根系形态指标(根长、直径、表面积、比根长和比表面积)的变化及其差异显著性;并且利用根钻法和单样本T检验比较了异质施氮方式下施氮斑块与不施氮斑块根系形态指标的差异。结果表明:1)6种演替序列种地上、地下生物量和根冠比存在种间固有差别,施氮方式和水平整体上对三者无显著影响;施氮方式和植物种类对根冠比存在显著交互作用,说明个别种的根冠比对施氮方式响应明显,其中猪毛蒿根冠比在异质施氮方式下显著高于匀质施氮。2)6种演替序列种根系塑形指标包括比根长、比表面积和直径存在种间差别,并且施氮水平对比根长影响显著,高、低施氮水平下比根长都显著低于不施氮对照。3)狗尾草和铁杆蒿分别在异质高氮和异质低氮条件下施氮斑块根系生物量密度显著高于未施氮斑块;猪毛蒿在异质高氮条件下施氮斑块发生了更多的伸长生长,其根长、根表面积、比根长和比表面积在施氮斑块中的密度显著高于未施氮斑块;猪毛蒿和狗尾草在异质高氮条件下,以及白羊草在异质低氮条件下,其根系直径在施氮斑块显著小于未施氮斑块。从根系形态变化敏感性和施氮对促进植物生长来看,演替过程中演替序列种对施氮响应的敏感性总体上呈降低趋势,前期种对施氮响应更敏感,从施氮获利也更多,因而恢复前期进行人为干扰促进植被恢复效果也会更好。     

一株裂解性奶牛乳房炎源大肠杆菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

【目的】从新疆石河子地区奶牛粪样中分离裂解性大肠杆菌噬菌体(Escherichia coli phage),对其进行纯化及生物学特性分析。【方法】利用双层平板法从奶牛粪样中分离、纯化噬菌体,将纯化后的噬菌体浓缩液用醋酸双氧铀负染后通过透射电子显微镜观察其形态特征。对该噬菌体进行全基因组测序和遗传进化分析,同时测定噬菌体的宿主谱、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、热稳定性及酸碱稳定性。【结果】分离并纯化出一株裂解性噬菌体vB_EcoM_XJ2,噬菌斑圆形不透明,直径0.7 mm–1.2 mm;电镜显示其头部呈正多面体对称,有可伸缩性尾部;核酸类型为双链DNA,基因组大小为75.617 kb,G+C%含量为42.09%;其核酸序列与大肠杆菌噬菌体NJ01和vB_EcoP_SU10相似性高达94%。生物学特性研究显示该噬菌体能裂解多株临床分离的大肠杆菌;能耐受60°C左右高温,在pH 5.0–11.0范围内效价稳定;最佳感染复数为0.1,潜伏期为15 min,暴发期为95 min,裂解量约为10.6 PFU/cell。【结论】vB_EcoM_XJ2是一株在不同温度、不同酸碱性环境中有较强适应能力的裂解性肌尾科大肠杆菌噬菌体。