Die Wirkung von Kernpolyedern (Baculovirus spec.) ausMamestra brassicae aufTrichogramma cacoeciae [Hym.: Trichogrammatidae] undChrysopa carnea [Neur.: Chrysopidae]

Zusammenfassung Kernpolyeder vonMamestra brassicae (L.) wurden auf Nebenwirkungen an zwei Entomophagen-Arten in der Basis- Konzentration (LC₁₀₀ für den natürlichen Wirt) sowie der 5- und 10 fachen Konzentration geprüft. Schadwirkung durch Kontakt mit frisch angetrocknetem Belag bzw. durch Verfüttern eines kontaminierten N?hrsubstrates auf den EiparasitenTrichogramma cacoeciae Marchal konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Ebenso wurde die Entwicklung vonT. cacoeciae in parasitierten Wirtseiern durch eine Tauchbehandlung mit der Kernpolyeder-Suspension in verschiedenen Intervallen nach der Parasitierung nicht gest?rt. Im Wahl- und Nichtwahlversuch konnte keine Repellentwirkung von Wirtseiern festgstellt werden, die in eine Kernpolyeder-Suspension getaucht worden waren. Die r?uberischen Larven vonChrysopa carnea Steph. waren gegenüber der 10fachen Basiskonzentration bei direktem Bespritzen der Larven, Kontakt mit einem frisch angetrockneten sprit zbelag sowie bei peroraler Aufnahme unempfindlich, wie die Frassleistung der Larven, die Fekundit?t der Imagines sowie die Schlüpfrate der Eier zeigte. Bei praktischen Eins?tzen von Kernpolyeder-Pr?paraten zur Bek?mpfung der Kohleule sind im Gegensatz zu den üblichen Anwendungen von Phosphors?ureestern keine direkten Nebenwirkungen auf die untersuchten Nutzinsekten zu erwarten.

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Summary The side effect of a water suspension of polyhedral inclusion bodies of nuclnear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) fromMamestra brassicae (L.) in a concentration of 1-, 5-, and 10-fold of the LC₁₀₀ for the natural host was tested on two beneficial insects. No reduction in the parasitization capacity ofTrichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) was recorded when adults were exposed to a fresh dry film, or fed on contaminated honey-agar. The development of the parasite inSitotroga cerealella Oliv. host eggs was not affected when these were dipped in a suspension of the NPV at different time intervals after parasitization. In additional tests, it was shown that deposit of the NPV suspension had no repellent effect onTrichogramma. The feeding capacity of the predatory larve ofChrysopa carnea Steph., fecundity of the adults as well as viability of the eggs were not affected when the larvae were directly sprayed with the highest tested concentration of the suspension, exposed to fresh dry film or fed on contaminated diet. These experiments indicate that, in contrast to the use of the conventional organophosphorus insecticides, no hazard to the tested beneficial insects should be expected when the preparation of the polyhedral inclusion bodies will be used in the field.

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Nr. 2 der Serie: Wirkung von Insektenpathogenen auf Entomophagen. Als Nr. 1 gilt:S. Hassan & A. Krieg: über die schonende Wirkung vonBacillus thuringiensis-Pr?paraten auf den ParasitenTrichogramma cacoeciae (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae). — Z. Pfl. Krankh. Pfl. Schutz, 82, 515–521, 1975.     

Studies on tissue cultures of the genus Cinchona L. alkaloid production in cell suspension cultures

Initiation and culture of callus and cell suspensions of Cinchona ledgeriana and C. succirubra as well as the successful isolation and selection of a high-yielding alkaloid-forming strain derived from the leaf rachis of a C. succirubra plant are described. Results of feeding experiments with L-tryptophan using two different culture procedures are presented and discussed. Maximum alkaloid yields of up to 0.9% (based on dry weight) or 6.35 mg/l have been obtained.     

Characterization of messenger RNA for aldolase B in adult and fetal human liver

High molecular weight cellular RNA was isolated from adult and fetal human liver tissue by a procedure of ethanol precipitation in concentrated guanidine-HCl solutions. About 5 mg of RNA were obtained from one gram of liver. RNA was fractionated by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Aldolase B neosynthesized in a reticulocyte lysate cell-free system under the direction of total or fractionated RNA was purified by immunoaffinity microchromatography. Messenger RNA specifying synthesis of aldolase B exhibited a sedimentation coefficient of 16 S both in adult and fetal liver. This enzyme represented 1.3 % of the total neosynthesized proteins in adult liver, 0.1 % in the liver of a 6-month-old fetus and less than 0.01 % in the liver of a 4.5 month-old fetus.     

Safety evaluation of nuclear polyhedrosis virus replication in pigs

To evaluate the hygienic risk involved in using baculoviruses for insect pest control, safety studies are required. Pigs were chosen as representative test animals of commercial and agricultural importance. The tests were aimed at detecting virus propagation, immune reactions, and signs of acute infection (changes in body temperature and hematology profile, swelling of lymph nodes). Four of five animals inoculated with nuclear polyhedrosis virus showed a slight temperature rise at day 2 postinfection. After day 4 postinfection, no differences between infected animals and controls were observed. In the bioassay, virus activity could be recovered from fecal samples; however, no activity was found in organ extracts. The data did not indicate hygienic risks involved in the application of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, especially that from Mamestra brassicae, in biological pest control.     

Proteolytic processing of human intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase precursor is not a prerequisite for correct sorting in Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells.

Maturation of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) (EC 3.2.1.23-62) requires proteolytic processing of precursor (pro-LPH) to mature microvillus membrane enzyme (m-LPH). Subcellular site and function of this processing are unknown. We studied the processing and sorting of human LPH expressed permanently in MDCK cells. LPH was inserted into the apical membrane and small amounts were found basolateral. Of the LPH immunoprecipitated from the apical membrane, 42% was in the mature, i.e. proteoytically processed form; on the basolateral membrane it was 20%. Thus, LPH-processing occurs after sorting and is not necessary for surface expression.     

Selenium in the central nervous system of rats exposed to 75-Sel-selenomethionine and sodium selenite

The aim of the present study is to investigate the accumulation and retention of organic and inorganic selenium in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat. Selenium accumulation was investigated after oral treatment (3.0 mg Se/L drinking water) or ip injection (1.7 mg Se/kg body wt) of rats exposed to 75-Se L-selenomethionine (SeMeth) or sodium selenite (NaSe). Significant higher concentrations were observed after exposure to organic compared to inorganic selenium after oral as well as ip administration. Highest concentrations in both experiments were observed in cerebellum followed by the nearly identical levels in the cerebral hemisphere and spinal cord independent of the chemical form of selenium or the route of administration. The difference in concentrations observed between the different parts of the CNS investigated in each group were, however, not significant. Retention of selenium in the CNS was investigated after a single ip injection (1.7 mg Se/kg body wt) of 75-Se SeMeth or NaSe. In both groups, we observed an initial fast excretion phase followed by a slower excretion phase resembling a first-order reaction. Organic selenium disappeared much slower from all parts of the central nervous system compared to NaSe after a single injection.     

Effects of angiotensin II and its selective antagonists on inferior olivary neurones.

On the basis of biochemical and autoradiographic studies it has been shown that the inferior olivary nucleus (ION) contains predominantly angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors of the subtype 2 (AT2). In the present investigation we used microiontophoretic techniques to test the effect of Ang II on the spontaneous firing rate of rat neurones in the ION in vivo. Ang II excited the majority of histologically identified ION neurones. Furthermore, the antagonism of this angiotensin-induced excitation by selective angiotensin receptor blockers of subtype 1 and 2 (AT1 and AT2) was examined. The excitation could be blocked by low doses of the AT2-antagonists PD 123177 and CGP 42112A, whereas the AT1-antagonist DuP 753 was ineffective even at high doses. On a few occasions, however, ejection of the AT1-antagonist resulted in a potentiation of angiotensin-induced excitation. The results suggest that Ang II has an excitatory effect on a considerable number of ION neurones and that this effect is mediated by AT2-receptors.     

Genetic and biochemical characterization of a new chymotrypsin isozyme of the house mouse,CTRA-1

Genetic variation of a codominantly inherited pancreas protease, designated CTRA-1, was discovered in the house mouse by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Phenotype CTRA-1A was found in MOLH/Fre and in the majority of common laboratory mouse strains. Phenotype CTRA-1B was found in PWD/Ph. It was characterized by the absence of a corresponding protease band. A third phenotype, CTRA-1C, was observed in IS/Cam and a fourth phenotype, CTRA-1D, was detected in SEG/1. CTRA-1 was found only in the pancreas and may represent the A form of chymotrypsin. The enzyme was shown to be controlled by the presumed structural locus Ctra-1 located on chromosome 8. From two backcross series, including a total of 274 animals, the gene order (Es-1, Es-9)-3.9 +/- 1.7%-Got-2-3.9 +/- 1.7%-(Es-2, Es-7, Es-23)-0.7 +/- 0.5%- Ctra-1-6.3 +/- 2.2%-Prt-2 was established.     

Biochemical and kinetic characteristics of the interaction of the antitumor antibiotic sparsomycin with prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes

Using 125I-labeled phenol-alanine sparsomycin, an analogue of sparsomycin having higher biological activity than the unmodified antibiotic, we studied the requirements and the characteristics of its interaction with the ribosome. The drug does not bind to either isolated ribosomal subunits or reconstituted whole ribosomes. For sparsomycin binding to 70S and 80S ribosomes, the occupation of the peptidyltransferase P-site by an N-blocked aminoacyl-tRNA is a definitive requirement. The sparsomycin analogue binds to bacterial and yeast ribosomes with Ka values of around 10(6) M-1 and 0.6 x 10(6) M-1, respectively, but its affinity is probably affected by the character of the peptidyl-tRNA bound to the P-site. Chloramphenicol, lincomycin, and 16-atom ring macrolides compete with sparsomycin for binding to bacterial ribosomes, but streptogramins and 14-atom ring macrolides do not. Considering the reported low affinity of puromycin for bacterial ribosomes, this antibiotic is also a surprisingly good competitor of sparsomycin binding to these particles. In the case of yeast ribosomes, blasticidin is a relatively good competitor of sparsomycin interaction, but anisomycin, trichodermin, and narciclasin are not. As expected, puromycin is a poor competitor of the binding in this case. The results from competition studies carried out with different sparsomycin analogues reveal, in some cases, a discrepancy between the drug ribosomal affinity and its biological effects. This suggests that some intermediate step, perhaps a ribosomal conformational change, is required for the inhibition to take place.