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971.
Macronutrients, such as protein or amino acid, not only supply calories but some components may also play as signaling molecules
to affect feeding behavior, energy balance, and fuel efficiency. Leucine, a branched-chain amino acid is a good example. After
structural roles are satisfied, the ability of leucine to function as signal and oxidative substrate is based on a sufficient
intracellular concentration. Therefore, leucine level must be sufficiently high to play the signaling and metabolic roles.
Leucine is not only a substrate for protein synthesis of skeletal muscle, but also plays more roles beyond that. Leucine activates
signaling factor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) to promote protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and in adipose tissue.
It is also a major regulator of the mTOR sensitive response of food intake to high protein diet. Meanwhile, leucine regulates
blood glucose level by promoting gluconeogenesis and aids in the retention of lean mass in a hypocaloric state. It is beneficial
to animal nutrition and clinical application and extrapolation to humans. 相似文献
972.
Lisheng Kong Patrick von Aderkas Stacey J. Owen Tia Wagner Suzanne R. Abrams 《Trees - Structure and Function》2011,25(6):1103-1110
In lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.), cone bud initiation within long-shoot buds varies according to genotype. We chose to study hormone profiles of
two genotypes that differed significantly in cone yield. Phytohormone profiles were established by high performance liquid
chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode with samples collected
from genotypes 299 and 233, the typically high and low cone producers. Generally, concentrations of trans-zeatin-O-glucoside were higher in genotype 299, whereas dihydrozeatin concentrations were higher in genotype 233. Both isopentenyl
adenine and isopentenyl adenosine were present at higher concentrations in genotype 233. The ratio of total quantifiable zeatin
(Z)-type cytokinins to isopentenyl (iP)-type cytokinins was approximately threefold higher in genotype 299 during female cone
bud differentiation. In genotype 299, ABA concentration was significantly lower than in genotype 233 on the first sampling
date, while the phaseic acid concentration was lower consistently throughout the period investigated. Dihydrophaseic acid
was present in low concentrations in most samples of genotype 233, but was not quantifiable in genotype 299. Our study reveals
that long-shoot buds of the high cone-producing genotype had higher ratios of Z-type cytokinins to iP-type cytokinins than
were found in the low cone-producing genotype. High cone-producing buds also contained less ABA, phaseic acid and dihydrophaseic
acid during female cone bud differentiation. 相似文献
973.
974.
Cheng Y Zhang Q Meng Q Xia T Huang Z Wang C Liu B Chen S Xiao F Du Y Guo F 《Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)》2011,25(9):1624-1635
We previously showed that leucine deprivation decreases abdominal fat mass largely by increasing energy expenditure, as demonstrated by increased lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in brown adipose tissue (BAT). The goal of the present study was to investigate the possible involvement of central nervous system (CNS) in this regulation and elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms. For this purpose, levels of genes and proteins related to lipolysis in WAT and UCP1 expression in BAT were analyzed in wild-type mice after intracerebroventricular administration of leucine or corticotrophin-releasing hormone antibodies, or in mice deleted for three β-adrenergic receptors, after being maintained on a leucine-deficient diet for 7 d. Here, we show that intracerebroventricular administration of leucine significantly attenuates abdominal fat loss and blocks activation of hormone sensitive lipase in WAT and induction of UCP1 in BAT in leucine-deprived mice. Furthermore, we provide evidence that leucine deprivation stimulates fat loss by increasing expression of corticotrophin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus via activation of stimulatory G protein/cAMP/protein kinase A/cAMP response element-binding protein pathway. Finally, we show that the effect of leucine deprivation on fat loss is mediated by activation of the sympathetic nervous system. These results suggest that CNS plays an important role in regulating fat loss under leucine deprivation and thereby provide novel and important insights concerning the importance of CNS leucine in the regulation of energy homeostasis. 相似文献
975.
Gen-Hai Zhao Hui Li Wei Liu Wei-Guo Zhang Fei Zhang Qian Liu Qing-Cai Jiao 《Amino acids》2011,40(1):215-220
In this research, an improved method for preparation of optically pure β-hydroxy-α-amino acids, catalyzed by serine hydroxymethyl
transferase with threonine aldolase activity, is reported. Using recombinant serine hydroxymethyl transferase (SHMT), an enzymatic
resolution process was established. A series of new substrates, β-phenylserine, β-(nitrophenyl) serine and β-(methylsulfonylphenyl)
serine were used in the resolution process catalyzed by immobilized Escherichia coli cells with SHMT activity. It was observed that the K
m for l-threonine was 28-fold higher than that for l-allo-threonine, suggesting that this enzyme can be classified as a low-specificity l-allo-threonine aldolase. The results also shows that SHMT activity with β-phenylserine as substrate was about 1.48-fold and 1.25-fold
higher than that with β-(methylsulfonylphenyl) serine and β-(nitrophenyl) serine as substrate, respectively. Reaction conditions
were optimized by using 200 mmol/l β-hydroxy-α-amino acid, and 0.1 g/ml of immobilized SHMT cells at pH 7.5 and 45°C. Under
these conditions, the immobilized cells were continuously used 10 times, yielding an average conversion rate of 60.4%. Bead
activity did not change significantly the first five times they were used, and the average conversion rate during the first
five instances was 84.1%. The immobilized cells exhibited favourable operational stability. 相似文献
976.
Zheng C Cao G Xia M Feng H Glenn J Anand R Zhang K Huang T Wang A Kong L Li M Galya L Hughes RO Devraj R Morton PA Rogier DJ Covington M Baribaud F Shin N Scherle P Diamond S Yeleswaram S Vaddi K Newton R Hollis G Friedman S Metcalf B Xue CB 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2011,21(5):1442-1446
We report the discovery of a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable dual CCR2 and CCR5 antagonist (3S,4S)-N-[(1R,3S)-3-isopropyl-3-({4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperazin-1-yl}carbonyl)cyclopentyl]-3-methoxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-amine (19). After evaluation in 28-day toxicology studies, compound 19 (INCB10820/PF-4178903) was selected as a clinical candidate. 相似文献
977.
肝脏的发育经历了一系列内胚层和中胚层之间复杂的相互作用,其中转录因子扮演着重要角色。肝脏发育主要可分为两个阶段,首先是前肠内胚层感受心脏中胚层的信号而建立响应态(competence),肝向特化基因逐渐表达并形成新生肝芽。此阶段受到转录调控网络的控制,其中FoxA家族,锌指结构转录因子GATA4/6,同源结构域因子Hhex、Onecut1、Onecut2和Prox1发挥了重要的作用。其次是肝脏内细胞群体如肝细胞和胆管细胞的分化成熟阶段。这个过程的完成主要受肝富集转录因子HNF1α、HNF4、HNF6和C/EBPα的调控。本文概述了肝脏发育中复杂的转录调控网络及其发挥的作用。 相似文献
978.
刀鲚和凤鲚的分子鉴定及其在仔鱼种类鉴定中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
使用mtDNA Cyt b基因序列作为分子标记,基于400 bp左右的序列分析长颌鲚、短颌鲚及凤鲚成鱼的遗传关系。结果显示长颌鲚和短颌鲚间的遗传距离在0—0.5%之间;凤鲚与长颌鲚、短颌鲚的遗传距离分别在7.9%—8.9%和7.7%—8.6%之间。用Kimura双参数模型构建的NJ分子系统树显示,长颌鲚和短颌鲚不能形成彼此独立的分支,而是混合聚在一起形成一个分支;凤鲚则形成另一个分支。对长江口沿岸区域的鲚属仔鱼Cyt b基因片段序列分析发现,仔鱼个体之间的遗传距离为0—0.7%,仔鱼与长颌鲚、短颌鲚的遗传距离在0.1%—0.5%之间,而与凤鲚的遗传距离为8.3%—8.8%。在Kimura双参数模型构建的NJ分子系统树中,仔鱼与长颌鲚、短颌鲚聚为一类,而与凤鲚分开,表明分析的仔鱼样品不包括凤鲚个体。由于长江口一般没有短颌鲚分布,这些仔鱼应该都是长颌鲚。 相似文献
979.
A series of novel benzimidazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their activities against four kinds of enteroviruses, that is, Coxsackie virus A16, B3, B6 and Enterovirus 71 in VERO cells. Strong activities against enterovirus replication and low cytotoxicities were observed in these benzimidazoles generally. The most promising compound was (l)-2-(pyridin-2-yl)-N-(2-(4-nitrophenyl)pentan-3-yl)-1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamide (16), with a high antiviral potency (IC(50)=1.76 μg/mL) and a remarkable selectivity index (328). These compounds were selected for further evaluation as novel enterovirus inhibitors. 相似文献
980.
Meng Y Guo Y Ling Y Zhao Y Zhang Q Zhou X Ding F Yang Y 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2011,19(18):5577-5584
Neuroprotective agents have been in the focus of attention in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Salidroside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside isolated from Rhodiola rosea L., possessed a wide range of biological activities, especially neuroprotection. In an attempt to improve neuroprotective effects of new salidroside analogs for ischemic stroke, a series of novel aralkyl alcoholic 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-pyranosides were synthesized and their protective activities against the hypoglycemia and serum limitation induced cell death in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) were studied. Most compounds showed strong neuroprotective effects, especially for 4g and 4h, which exhibited a great potency superior to salidroside. MTT assay, Hoechst 33342 staining, and flow cytometry with annexin V/PI staining collectively showed that pretreatment with 4g and 4h attenuated cell viability loss and apoptotic cell death in cultured PC12 cells. Caspase-3 colorimetric assay and Rhodamine 123 staining revealed the changes in expression levels of caspase-3 and mitochondrial membrane potential in PC12 cells on exposure to hypoglycemia and serum limitation with and without 4g and 4h pretreatment, respectively. All the results suggested that 4g and 4h protects the PC12 cells against hypoglycemia and serum limitation induced apoptosis possibly by modulation of apoptosis-related gene expression and restoration of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Therefore, these novel findings may provided a new framework for the design of new aralkyl alcoholic 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-pyranosides as neuroprotective agents for treating cerebral ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. 相似文献