不同含水量下尖叶拟船叶藓光合速率对光温的响应及其模型

对不同大气温度、藓体含水量及光照条件下尖叶拟船叶藓光合速率测定研究结果表明,光合速率(Pn)与光照强度(PAR)、大气温度(Ta)及藓体含水量(PWC)之间密切相关,光合速率的光响应曲线为直角双曲线,温度、藓体含水量影响图形的曲度参数,在低含水量、高气温组合和高含水量、低气温组合的藓体高光强下都使光合速率降低．弱光下(PAR<200μmol·s^-1·m^-2),光合速率最大值Pmax出现在PWC：为50％～80％,但随着Ta的升高而增大,当Ta>25℃,Pmax随Ta升高而降低;随着光照强度的增大,Pmax出现的PWC水平随之提高,当PAR<200μmol·s^-1·m^-2时,光合速率最大值Pmax出现在Ta比较高的范围(20～25℃),并随PWC的升高而增大,当PWC>80％时,Pmax随PWC升高而降低;随着光照强度的增大,Pmax出现的Ta水平降低、在230     

Sortase A介导的(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ寡聚体高效立体选择性转化(S)-苯基乙二醇

【目的】以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的sortase A为"分子订书机",用于(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ分子之间的连接,获得催化功能与稳定性增强的氧化还原酶寡聚体,高效催化2-羟基苯乙酮,合成(S)-苯基乙二醇。【方法】从S.aureus基因组中克隆sortase A基因,在大肠杆菌中表达,通过镍柱和凝胶层析纯化重组酶,获得纯酶sortase A。通过基因工程手段在(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ的C末端添加GGGGSLPETGG序列,蛋白纯化获得(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ-GGGGSLPETGG,摸索了sortase A催化(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ-GGGGSLPETGG的分子连接,形成(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ寡聚体的最佳条件,并研究了寡聚体酶学性质及生物转化(S)-苯基乙二醇的效率。【结果】(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ寡聚体比酶活力为38.5 U/mg,比原始型(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ提高了6倍,最适反应温度为50°C,最适pH为6.0,在50°C放置1 h后酶活仍旧保持90%以上;蛋白质变性实验结果显示,(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ寡聚体的变性温度为60.1°C,比原始酶提高了10°C;生物转化结果显示(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ寡聚体在3 h内完全转化5 g/L 2-羟基苯乙酮,产生光学纯度为100%的(S)-苯基乙二醇,相比于重组大肠杆菌(S)-羰基还原酶Ⅱ全细胞催化时间缩短了16倍。【结论】本研究首次将sortase A应用于氧化还原酶的分子连接,显著提高了酶的催化效率和热稳定性,表明sortase在手性催化中有很大的潜在应用价值。     

Disulfide Bond Formation Significantly Accelerates the Assembly of Ure2p Fibrils because of the Proximity of a Potential Amyloid Stretch

Aggregation of the Ure2 protein is at the origin of the [URE3] prion trait in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The N-terminal region of Ure2p is necessary and sufficient to induce the [URE3] phenotype in vivo and to polymerize into amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. However, as the N-terminal region is poorly ordered in the native state, making it difficult to detect structural changes in this region by spectroscopic methods, detailed information about the fibril assembly process is therefore lacking. Short fibril-forming peptide regions (4–7 residues) have been identified in a number of prion and other amyloid-related proteins, but such short regions have not yet been identified in Ure2p. In this study, we identify a unique cysteine mutant (R17C) that can greatly accelerate the fibril assembly kinetics of Ure2p under oxidizing conditions. We found that the segment QVNI, corresponding to residues 18–21 in Ure2p, plays a critical role in the fast assembly properties of R17C, suggesting that this segment represents a potential amyloid-forming region. A series of peptides containing the QVNI segment were found to form fibrils in vitro. Furthermore, the peptide fibrils could seed fibril formation for wild-type Ure2p. Preceding the QVNI segment with a cysteine or a hydrophobic residue, instead of a charged residue, caused the rate of assembly into fibrils to increase greatly for both peptides and full-length Ure2p. Our results indicate that the potential amyloid stretch and its preceding residue can modulate the fibril assembly of Ure2p to control the initiation of prion formation.The [URE3] phenotype of Saccharomyces cerevisiae arises because of conversion of the Ure2 protein to an aggregated propagatable prion state (1, 2). Ure2p contains two regions: a poorly structured N-terminal region and a compactly folded C-terminal region (3, 4). The N-terminal region is rich in Asn and Gln residues, is highly flexible, and is without any detectable ordered secondary structure (4–6). This region is necessary and sufficient for prion behavior in vivo (2) and amyloid-forming capacity in vitro (5, 7), so it is referred to as the prion domain (PrD).² The C-terminal region has a fold similar to the glutathione S-transferase superfamily (8, 9) and possesses glutathione-dependent peroxidase activity (10). Upon fibril formation, the N-terminal region undergoes a significant conformational change from an unfolded to a thermally resistant conformation (11), whereas the glutathione S-transferase-like C-terminal domain retains its enzymatic activity, suggesting that little conformational change occurs (10, 12). Ure2p fibrils show various morphologies, including variations in thickness and the presence or absence of a periodic twist (13–16). The overall structure of the fibrils imaged by cryoelectron microscopy suggests that the intact fibrils contain a 4-nm amyloid filament backbone surrounded by C-terminal globular domains (17).It is widely accepted that disulfide bonds play a critical role in maintaining protein stability (18–21) and also affect the process of protein folding by influencing the folding pathway (22–25). A recent study shows that the presence of a disulfide bond in a protein can markedly accelerate the folding process (26). Therefore, a disulfide bond is a useful tool to study protein folding. In the study of prion and other amyloid-related proteins, cysteine scanning has been widely used to study the structure of amyloid fibrils, the driving force of amyloid formation, and the plasticity of amyloid fibrils (13, 27–31).Short segments from amyloid-related proteins, including IAPP (islet amyloid polypeptide), β₂-microglobulin, insulin, and the amyloid-β peptide, show amyloid-forming capacity (32–34). Hence, the amyloid stretch hypothesis has been proposed, which suggests that a short amino acid stretch bearing a highly amyloidogenic motif might supply most of the driving force needed to trigger the self-catalytic assembly process of a protein to form fibrils (35, 36). In support of this hypothesis, it was found that the insertion of an amyloidogenic stretch into a non-amyloid-related protein can trigger the amyloidosis of the protein (36). At the same time, the structural information obtained from microcrystals formed by amyloidogenic stretches and bearing cross-β-structure has contributed significantly to our understanding of the structure of intact fibrils at the atomic level (34, 37). However, no amyloidogenic stretches <10 amino acids have so far been identified in the yeast prion protein Ure2.In this study, we performed a cysteine scan within the N-terminal PrD of Ure2p and found a unique cysteine mutant (R17C) that eliminates the lag phase of the Ure2p fibril assembly reaction upon the addition of oxidizing agents. Furthermore, we identified a 4-residue region adjacent to Arg¹⁷ as a potential amyloid stretch in Ure2p.     

Entropy-driven mechanism of an E3 ligase

Ubiquitin-like modifications are macromolecular chemistry for which our understanding of the enzymatic mechanisms is lacking. Most E3 ligases in ubiquitin-like modifications do not directly participate in chemistry but are thought to confer allosteric effects; however, the nature of the allosteric effects has been elusive. Recent molecular dynamics simulations suggested that an E3 binding enhances the population of the conformational states of the E2·SUMO thioester that favor reactions. In this study, we conducted the first temperature-dependent enzyme kinetic analysis to investigate the role of an E3 on activation entropy and enthalpy. The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3, RanBP2, confers unusually large, favorable activation entropy to lower the activation energy of the reaction. Mutants of RanBP2, designed to alter the flexibilities of the E2·SUMO thioester, showed a direct correlation of their favorable entropic effects with their ability to restrict the conformational flexibility of the E2·SUMO thioester. While the more favorable activation entropy is consistent with the previously suggested role of E3 in conformational selection, the large positive entropy suggests a significant role of solvent in catalysis. Indeed, molecular dynamics simulations in explicit water revealed that the more stable E2·SUMO thioester upon E3 binding results in stabilization of a large number of bound water molecules. Liberating such structured water at the transition state can result in large favorable activation entropy but unfavorable activation enthalpy. The entropy-driven mechanism of the E3 is consistent with the lack of structural conservation among E3s despite their similar functions. This study also illustrates how proteins that bind both SUMO and E2 can function as E3s and how intrinsically unstructured proteins can enhance macromolecular chemistry in addition to their known advantages in protein--protein interactions.     

神经—肌接头自发性递质释放的研究进展

神经－肌接头存在三种类型的自发性乙酰胆碱释放;（１）Ｃａ＾２＋敏感的量子式释放,是活性带突触小泡的释放,突触后电位表现为常见的微终板电位;（２）Ｃａ＾２＋不敏感的量子式释放,是活怀带外突小泡释放,突触后电位一表现为较大而上升缓慢的微终板电位,在正常肌肉较少则在多种削弱Ｃａ＾２＋敏感的量子式释放的情况下占优势;９３）胞浆乙酰胆碱的漏出。     

手术室护士对外科手消毒相关知识的认知状况调查分析

目的:了解手术室护士对外科手消毒相关知识的认知状况,为手术室管理者提供护士掌握外科手消毒知识的整体水平,以全面提高外科手消毒的效果。方法:自行设计的问卷对哈尔滨市8家三级甲等综合性医院手术室护士进外科手消毒相关知识的认知调查。结果:目前手术室护士掌握外科手消毒相关知识的状况不容乐观,共20个被调查问题,回答正确率平均为49.85%;工作年限、第一学历、职称、学习过《医务人员手卫生规范》、消毒重要性的认识对答题结果的影响具有统计学意义(P0.05),表现为工作年限时间越长、第一学历越低、职称越高、学习过《医务人员手卫生规范》的、认为外科手术消毒重要的护士理论知识掌握情况越好。结论:被调查者自主学习较差,手术室管理者应当注重和加强手术室护士的外科手消毒专题学习培训与考核,理论与实践相结合,不断探索长期、可持续的培训教育模式,管理者制定与临床工作相结合并且适合不同学历背景和年资护士的培训方式和学习计划。充分调动护士的自我管理意识,建立外科手消毒"品管圈",分析和解决问题,使手术室的护理质量在持续的改进中得到不断提高。     

利用癌功能类从癌基因组突变谱中识别癌基因

从大规模癌样本基因突变扫查数据中识别癌基因具有重要的意义. 一些重要功能的改变对于癌的发生发展是必需的, 因此将它们定义为癌功能类, 并从GO(Gene Ontology)中选择一组显著富集已知癌基因的细致功能类来代表它们. 为了评价以癌相关功能类作为特征识别癌基因的效果, 将已知的蛋白激酶癌基因定义为阳性金标准, 而将其他的蛋白激酶基因定义为阴性金标准. 结果表明, 与利用选择压力作为特征的方法比较, 利用癌相关功能类作为特征的方法可以更有效地识别癌基因. 进一步结合癌相关功能类与基因非同义突变个数可以产生更可靠的预测结果. 最后, 将46个注释到癌相关功能类并且其非同义突变个数至少为3的蛋白激酶基因预测为癌基因, 预测精确率达到0.42.