全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2725篇 |
免费 | 217篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
2943篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 6篇 |
2023年 | 23篇 |
2022年 | 48篇 |
2021年 | 102篇 |
2020年 | 47篇 |
2019年 | 73篇 |
2018年 | 72篇 |
2017年 | 69篇 |
2016年 | 110篇 |
2015年 | 179篇 |
2014年 | 182篇 |
2013年 | 210篇 |
2012年 | 261篇 |
2011年 | 200篇 |
2010年 | 145篇 |
2009年 | 120篇 |
2008年 | 147篇 |
2007年 | 144篇 |
2006年 | 140篇 |
2005年 | 124篇 |
2004年 | 96篇 |
2003年 | 87篇 |
2002年 | 86篇 |
2001年 | 15篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1999年 | 18篇 |
1998年 | 12篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 15篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 4篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1962年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有2943条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Andrea M. Quiroga Federico J. Berli Daniela Moreno Juan B. Cavagnaro Rubén Bottini 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2009,28(1):28-35
In many cultivars of Vitis vinifera periods of mild water stress during ripening are thought to increase grape quality for winemaking, even though yields may
be negatively affected. Because abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in the signaling of water stress in plants, we examine the
effects of the ABA signal being given without the concomitant water stress. ABA at 250 mg l−1 was sprayed weekly or biweekly from bud-burst until harvest onto the leaves of vineyard-grown plants of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon.
For ABA-treated plants berry yield per bunch and per plant was significantly increased (1.5- to 2.0-fold) across three consecutive
harvests (2005 through 2007). Number of berries per bunch and per plant was the primary basis for the significant crop increases,
although bunches per plant also tended to increase (1.1- to 1.3-fold) across all three harvests. Other parameters assessed
included number of internodes, shoot length, leaf area, leaf water potential at midday, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance.
These parameters showed no significant change with ABA treatment, although shoot length tended to be reduced, as was leaf
area relative to control plants. The significantly increased fruit yields were thus accomplished without accompanying increases
in leaf photosynthesis and leaf areas. Juice at harvest had equal levels of sugars (Brix) and somewhat higher levels of anthocyanins
and total polyphenols relative to control values. The two latter trends continued for the resultant wine across two vintage
years. In conclusion, three seasons of experimental trials have demonstrated that ABA application can significantly enhance
yield per plant in the field-grown grape (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) by favoring increased berry set without diminishing the
quality of the fruit for winemaking use. 相似文献
22.
23.
Maleno I López-Nevot MA Cabrera T Salinero J Garrido F 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》2002,51(7):389-396
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I loss or downregulation in cancer cells is a major immune escape route used by a large variety of human tumors to evade anti-tumor immune responses mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Multiple mechanisms are responsible for such HLA class I alterations. However, the precise frequency of these molecular defects has not been clearly determined in tumors derived from specific tissues. To analyze such defects we aim to define the major HLA class I-altered phenotypes in different tumor types. In this paper we report on HLA class I expression in 70 laryngeal carcinomas. We used immunohistological techniques with a highly selective panel of anti-HLA monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) microsatellite amplification of previously selected microsatellite markers (STR) located in chromosome 6 and 15. DNA was obtained from microdissected tumor tissues and surrounding stroma to define the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) associated with chromosome 6p21. Our results showed that LOH in chromosome 6 produced HLA haplotype loss (phenotype II) in 36% of the tumors. In addition, HLA class I total loss (phenotype I) was found in 11%; HLA A or B locus downregulation (phenotype III) was detected in 20%; and HLA class I allelic loss (phenotype IV) in 10% of all cases. We sometimes observed two or more associated mechanisms in the same HLA-altered phenotype, such as LOH and HLA total loss in phenotype I. In only 23% of tumors it was not possible to identify any HLA class I alteration. We conclude that the combination of immunohistological techniques and molecular analysis of tumor DNA obtained from microdissected tumor tissues provides a means for the first time of determining the actual frequency of the major HLA class I-altered phenotypes in laryngeal carcinomas. 相似文献
24.
Characterization, Localization, and Biosynthesis of an Interstitial Retinol-Binding Glycoprotein in the Human Eye 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
S.-L. Fong G. I. Liou R. A. Landers R. A. Alvarez F. Gonzalez-Fernandez P. A. Glazebrook D. M. K. Lam C. D. B. Bridges 《Journal of neurochemistry》1984,42(6):1667-1676
Abstract: Human eyes contain an Mr 135K retinol-binding protein that is analogous to interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) in the subretinal space of bovine eyes. It is a glycoprotein, because it binds 125 I-concanavalin A, 125 I-wheat germ agglutinin and 125 I- Lens culinaris hemagglutinin. It does not bind Ricinus communis agglutinin I. After desialation, it binds Ricinus communis agglutinin I, but loses its capacity to bind wheat germ agglutinin. These observations, coupled with the known specificities of these lectins, suggest that at least one of the oligosaccharide chains is a sialated, biantennary complex type containing fucose. Both by direct analysis of dissected ocular tissues and by immunocytochemistry it was shown that human interstitial retinol binding protein is an extracellular protein that is confined predominantly to the subretinal space. Monkey retinas incubated in vitro in medium containing [3 H]leucine were shown to synthesize and secrete this protein into the medium, a conclusion that was confirmed by immunoprecipitation with an immunoglobulin fraction prepared from rabbit antibovine IRBP serum. Virtually no other labeled proteins were detectable in the medium. It is concluded that interstitial retinol-binding protein meets many of the requirements for a putative transport protein implicated in the transfer of retinol between the pigment epithelium and retina during the visual cycle, and that the neural retina may play an important role in regulating its amount in the subretinal space. 相似文献
25.
M. Lucrecia Alvarez Emel Topal Federico Martin Guy A. Cardineau 《Plant molecular biology》2010,72(1-2):75-89
Improving foreign protein accumulation is crucial for enhancing the commercial success of plant-based production systems since product yields have a major influence on process economics. Cereal grain evolved to store large amounts of proteins in tightly organized aggregates. In maize, γ-Zein is the major storage protein synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and stored in specialized organelles called protein bodies (PB). Zera® (γ-Zein ER-accumulating domain) is the N-terminal proline-rich domain of γ-zein that is sufficient to induce the assembly of PB formation. Fusion of the Zera® domain to proteins of interest results in assembly of dense PB-like, ER-derived organelles, containing high concentration of recombinant protein. Our main goal was to increase recombinant protein accumulation in plants in order to enhance the efficiency of orally-delivered plant-made vaccines. It is well known that oral vaccination requires substantially higher doses than parental formulations. As a part of a project to develop a plant-made plague vaccine, we expressed our model antigen, the Yersinia pestis F1-V antigen fusion protein, with and without a fused Zera® domain. We demonstrated that Zera®-F1-V protein accumulation was at least 3× higher than F1-V alone when expressed in three different host plant systems: Ncotiana benthamiana, Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and Nicotiana tabacum NT1 cells. We confirmed the feasibility of using Zera® technology to induce protein body formation in non-seed tissues. Zera® expression and accumulation did not affect plant development and growth. These results confirmed the potential exploitation of Zera® technology to substantially increase the accumulation of value-added proteins in plants. 相似文献
26.
Cristoph Zimmer Gerhard Luck Eckhard Birch-Hirschfeld Roland Weiss Federico Arcamone Wilhelm Guschlbauer 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression》1983,741(1):15-22
Different binding affinities of various distamycin analogs including the deformylated derivative with poly(dA-dC)·poly(dG-dT) were investigated using CD measurements. The inhibitory effect of distamycins on the DNAase I cleavage activity of DNA duplexes strongly supports the binding data. The base specificity of the ligand interaction with duplex DNA depends on the chain length of distamycin analogs. Netropsin, distamycin-2 and the deformylated distamycin-3 show no binding to dG·dC containing sequences at moderate ionic strength and are classified as highly dA·dT specific. In contrast distamycin having three, four or five methylpyrrolecarboxamide groups also forms more or less stable complexes with dG·dC-containing duplexes. These ligands possess a lower basepair specificity. The correlation between binding behavior and oligopeptide structure shows that presence of the number of hydrogen acceptor and donor sites determines the basepair and sequence specificity. The additional interaction with dG·dC pairs becomes essential when the number of hydrogen acceptor sites exceeds n = 3. 相似文献
27.
Glutamate metabolism in cerebral mitochondria after ischemia and post‐ischemic recovery during aging: relationships with brain energy metabolism 下载免费PDF全文
Federica Ferrari Antonella Gorini Siegfried Hoyer Roberto Federico Villa 《Journal of neurochemistry》2018,146(4):416-428
28.
29.
The fossil record of metriorhynchids and plesiosaurians from the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese Formation (RAVFm, Middle–Upper Jurassic, Italy) is represented by elements collected between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. All the metriorhynchid material is referred to the genus Neptunidraco. The first RAVFm plesiosaurian material was collected in the nineteenth century and referred to Plesiosaurus: elements are here described and interpreted as a chimerical association of crocodylomorph and plesiosaurian bones, providing the first co-occurrence of these clades in the RAVFm. The second plesiosaurian is the associated skeleton that we refer to Anguanax zignoi gen. et sp. nov. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis confirms the basal geosaurine affinities of Neptunidraco resulted by parsimony analysis. Using both methods, Anguanax was recovered as a basal pliosaurid, sister group of the clade including Marmornectes and Thalassophonea. Bayesian inference methods indicate that both Italian lineages diverged from other known lineages between 176 and 171 Mya, also showing divergence rates significantly higher than any other representative of their respective clades. We suggest a phase of rapid evolutionary adaptation to deeper marine environments in the ancestors of the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese reptiles as a response to the latest Liassic regressive regime in Northern Tethys. 相似文献
30.
Determination of diamine oxidase in lentil seedlings by enzymic activity and immunoreactivity 下载免费PDF全文
A competitive radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of diamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.6) from Lens culinaris is reported. Specific antibodies raised in rabbits immunized with a homogeneous preparation of the enzyme were incubated with purified 125I-enzyme and with either unlabeled diamine oxidase or plant material. Antigen-antibody complexes were isolated from the mixture by incubation with Staphylococcus protein A. The sensitivity of the test was about 5 nanograms in terms of enzyme protein. This assay was applied to the determination of the enzyme in extracts from lentil shoots grown either in the dark or in the light. Diamine oxidase activity and enzyme protein (as determined by radioimmunoassay) were measured during 7 days after germination. Both enzymic activity and enzyme protein declined slowly in the dark and rapidly in the light. These results indicate that fluctuation of the enzymic activity in this organ, both in the light and in the dark, are mediated via changes in the amount of the enzyme protein and not via the action of an inhibitor. 相似文献