Vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern protects mice from challenge with wild-type virus

Vaccines against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been highly efficient in protecting against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the emergence of viral variants that are more transmissible and, in some cases, escape from neutralizing antibody responses has raised concerns. Here, we evaluated recombinant protein spike antigens derived from wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and from variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 for their immunogenicity and protective effect in vivo against challenge with wild-type SARS-CoV-2 in the mouse model. All proteins induced high neutralizing antibodies against the respective viruses but also induced high cross-neutralizing antibody responses. The decline in neutralizing titers between variants was moderate, with B.1.1.7-vaccinated animals having a maximum fold reduction of 4.8 against B.1.351 virus. P.1 induced the most cross-reactive antibody responses but was also the least immunogenic in terms of homologous neutralization titers. However, all antigens protected from challenge with wild-type SARS-CoV-2 in a mouse model.

This study explores the immune response induced by wild type and variant SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, and the protection that these immune responses provide against challenge with wild type virus in the mouse model.     

Biological nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization by bacteria isolated from tropical soils

Introduction

In addition to fixing atmospheric nitrogen, some bacterial isolates can also solubilize insoluble phosphates, further contributing to plant growth.

Aims

The objectives of this study were the following: isolate, select, and identify nodulating bacteria in the cowpea that are efficient not only in biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) but also in the solubilization of insoluble inorganic phosphates; identify and quantify the organic acids produced; and establish the relationship between those acids and the solubilizing capacity.

Methods

The bacteria were captured from two soils containing high concentrations of insoluble phosphorus from the cities of Lavras and Patos de Minas, using the cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] as bait. We obtained 78 strains, which were characterized according to their cultural attributes in culture medium 79 with the strains UFLA 03-84, INPA 03-11B, and BR3267 (approved by the Ministry of Livestock and Supply Agriculture—MAPA, as inoculants for the cowpea) and Burkholderia cepacia (LMG1222^T), which was used as a positive control for phosphate solubilization. Strains that were selected for their efficiency in both processes were identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. We evaluated the symbiotic efficiency (BNF) in a greenhouse and the solubilization efficiency of CaHPO₄, Al(H₂PO₄)₃, and FePO₄.2H₂O in solid and liquid GELP media. Strains that excelled at the solubilization of these phosphate sources were also evaluated for the production of the following organic acids: oxalic, citric, gluconic, lactic, succinic, and propionic.

Results

The presence of Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Firmicutes, Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, and Rhizobium was detected by 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis. Bacterial strains obtained from cowpea nodules varied greatly in the efficiency of their BNF and phosphate solubilization processes, especially in the strains UFLA 03-09, UFLA 03-10, UFLA 03-12, and UFLA 03-13, which were more efficient in both processes. More strains were able to solubilize insoluble inorganic calcium and iron phosphates in liquid medium than in solid medium. The production of organic acids was related to the solubilization of CaHPO₄ and FePO₄.2H₂O for some strains, and the type and concentration of the acid influenced this process.

Conclusions

These are the first results obtained with bacterial isolates from tropical soils in which the production of organic acids was detected and quantified to examine the solubilization of insoluble inorganic phosphates.     

Dopaminergic Receptors Linked to Adenylate Cyclase in Human Cerebromicrovascular Endothelium

Cultured endothelium derived from three fractions of human cerebral microvessels was used to characterize dopamine (DA) receptors linked to adenylate cyclase activity. DA or D1 agonist, (+/-)-SKF-82958 hydrobromide, stimulated endothelial cyclic AMP formation in a dose-dependent manner. The selective D1 antagonist, (+/-)SCH-23390, inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the production of cyclic AMP induced by DA. The affinity for the D1 receptor appeared to be greater in endothelium derived from large and small microvessels than from capillaries. Cholera toxin ADP-ribosylation of Gs proteins abolished the DA stimulatory effect on endothelial adenylate cyclase, whereas pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylation enhanced the DA-inducible formation, indicating the presence of both D1 and D2 receptors. Agonists of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors (phenylephrine, 6-fluoronorepinephrine) or serotonin (5-HT), which stimulated the production of cyclic AMP, had no additive effect on DA-stimulated cyclic AMP formation. Incubation of these agents with DA produced the same or lower levels of cyclic AMP as compared to that formed by DA alone. The effect of alpha 1-adrenergic agonists or 5-HT on DA production of cyclic AMP was partially prevented by the D2 antagonist, S(-)-sulpiride, or ketanserin (5-HT2 greater than alpha 1 greater than H1 antagonists), respectively. These findings represent the first demonstration of D1- (stimulatory) and D2- (inhibitory) receptors linked to adenylate cyclase in microvascular endothelium derived from human brain. The data also indicate that dopaminergic receptors can interact with either alpha 1-adrenergic or or 5-HT receptors in endothelium on the adenylate cyclase level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Glucoamylase production byAspergillus awamori on rice flour medium and partial characterization of the enzyme

Summary Aspergillus awamori ATCC 22342 was selected from 12 strainsof Aspergillus spp.and Rhizopus spp. as the best producer of amylase. Optimal growth conditions for the enzyme production in shake flasks were provided by: a medium containing 60 g/1 rice flour, 0.075% (w/v) NaNO₂ and 0.075% (v/v) corn-steep liquor, a temperature of 30° C and initial pH value of 6.5. The enzyme was characterized as a glucoamylase with a molecular weight of 49,000. Maximum enzyme activity occurred at 45 C and pH 5.8. The enzyme was stable at 40° C and lost 70 and 90% of activity when heated for 30 min at 50 and 60°C, respectively. Thermal inactivation was slowed in the presence of starch. Michaelis-Menten constants for soluble starch and dextrin were estimated as 12.5 and 33.3 mg/ml, respectively. This enzyme may be used for the production of glucose-rich syrups from rice starch.

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Producción de glucoamilasa por Aspergillus awamori en harina de arroz y caracterización parcial del enzima

Resumen Aspergillus awamori ATCC 22342 se seleccionó entre 12 cepas deAspergillus spp. y deRhizopus spp. como el mejor productor de amilasa. La condiciones óptimas de crecimiento para la producción del enzima en frascos de agitación fueron las siguientes: un medio con la composicion siguiente: 60 g/1 de harina de arroz, 0.075% (m/v) NaNO₂ y 0.075% (v/v) de extracto de maíz (corn steep liquor); una temperatura de 30°C y un pH inicial de 6.5. El enzima fue caracterizado como una glucoamilasa de peso molecular 49,000. La máxima actividad enzimática se obtuvo a 45°C con un pH de 5.8. El enzima era estable a 40 C pero perdió un 70 y un 90% de su actividad cuando se calentó durante 30 min a 50 y 60° C respectivamente. La inactivación térmica fue más lenta en presencia de almidón. Las constantes de Michaelis-Menten para almidón soluble y para dextrina se estimaron como 12.5 y 33.3 mg/ml respectivamente. Este enzima puede utilizarse para la producción de jarabes ricos en glucosa a partir de almidón de arroz.

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Production de glucoamylase par Aspergillus awamori cultivé sur milieu à la farine de riz et caractérisation partielle de l'enzyme

Résumé Aspergillus awamori ATCC 22342 a été sélectionné parmi 12 souches d'Aspergillus spp. et deRhizopus spp. comme étant le meilleur producteur d'amylase. Les conditions optimales de croissance pour la production d'enzyme en fioles agitées sont: un milieu contenant 60 g/1 de farine de riz, 0.075% (w/v) de NaNO₂ et 0.075% (v/v) de liqueur de corn steep, une température de 30° C et un pH initial de 6.5. L'enzyme a été caractérisé comme étant une glucoamylase de poids moléculaire 49,000. L'activité maximum de l'enzyme se situe à 45°C et pH 5.8. L'enzyme est stable à 40°C et perd 70 et 90% de son activité par chauffage pendant 30 min à 50 et à 60°C, respectivement. L'inactivation thermique est ralentie en présence d'amidon. Les constantes de Michaelis-Menten pour l'amidon soluble et pour la dextrine ont été éstimées, respectivement, à 12.5 et 33.3 mg/ml. Cet enzyme peut être utilisé pour la production de sirops riches en glucose à partir d'amidon de riz.

     

Calcium signaling in the nucleus

Cytosolic Ca(2+) is a versatile secondary messenger that regulates a wide range of cellular activities. In the past decade, evidence has accumulated that free Ca(2+) within the nucleus also plays an important messenger function. Here we review the mechanisms and effects of Ca(2+) signals within the nucleus. In particular, evidence is reviewed that the nucleus contains the machinery necessary for production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca(2+) release. The role of Ca(2+) signals within the nucleus is discussed including regulation of such critical cell functions as gene expression, activation of kinases, and permeability of nuclear pores.     

Identification of marker genes in Alzheimer's disease using a machine-learning model

Alzheimer''s Disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia, mostly affecting the elderly population. Currently, there is no proper diagnostic tool or method available for the detection of AD. The present study used two distinct data sets of AD genes, which could be potential biomarkers in the diagnosis. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) curated from both datasets were used for machine learning classification, tissue expression annotation and co-expression analysis. Further, CNPY3, GPR84, HIST1H2AB, HIST1H2AE, IFNAR1, LMO3, MYO18A, N4BP2L1, PML, SLC4A4, ST8SIA4, TLE1 and N4BP2L1 were identified as highly significant DEGs and exhibited co-expression with other query genes. Moreover, a tissue expression study found that these genes are also expressed in the brain tissue. In addition to the earlier studies for marker gene identification, we have considered a different set of machine learning classifiers to improve the accuracy rate from the analysis. Amongst all the six classification algorithms, J48 emerged as the best classifier, which could be used for differentiating healthy and diseased samples. SMO/SVM and Logit Boost further followed J48 to achieve the classification accuracy.     

Epidermal langerhans cells are dispensable for humoral and cell-mediated immunity elicited by gene gun immunization

Gene gun immunization, i.e., bombardment of skin with DNA-coated particles, is an efficient method for the administration of DNA vaccines. Direct transfection of APC or cross-presentation of exogenous Ag acquired from transfected nonimmune cells enables MHC-I-restricted activation of CD8(+) T cells. Additionally, MHC-II-restricted presentation of exogenous Ag activates CD4(+) Th cells. Being the principal APC in the epidermis, Langerhans cells (LC) seem ideal candidates to accomplish these functions. However, the dependence on LC of gene gun-induced immune reactions has not yet been demonstrated directly. This was primarily hampered by difficulties to discriminate the contributions of LC from those of other dermal dendritic cells. To address this problem, we have used Langerin-diphtheria toxin receptor knockin mice that allow for selective inducible ablation of LC. LC deficiency, even over the entire duration of experiments, did not affect any of the gene gun-induced immune functions examined, including proliferation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, IFN-gamma secretion by spleen cells, Ab production, CTL activity, and development of protective antitumor immunity. Together, our data show that gene gun immunization is capable of inducing humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions independently of LC.