降解水稻秸秆的复合菌系及其微生物群落结构演替北大核心CSCD

【目的】比较和分析从堆肥中富集的水稻秸秆降解菌系F1和F2的纤维素分解能力、微生物群落结构及其在秸秆降解过程中的演替,从而探究微生物群落结构与秸秆降解效率的相关性。【方法】采用DNS(3,5-二硝基水杨酸,3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid)定糖法测定发酵液中的外切纤维素酶活;采用范氏(Van Soest)洗涤纤维分析法测定发酵前与发酵后的秸秆纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量,并计算降解率;采用16S r RNA基因序列分析和实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative real-time PCR,Q-PCR)对秸秆降解过程中的微生物物种组成及特定的功能微生物进行定性和定量分析。【结果】复合菌系F1的水稻秸秆总降解率、纤维素降解率、半纤维素降解率显著高于复合菌系F2;2种复合菌系的外切纤维素酶活性与cel48基因的拷贝数变化趋势一致;复合菌系F1的物种较丰富,优势物种是好氧细菌,复合菌系F2的物种组成较单一,培养后期具有较高比例的厌氧纤维素分解菌;培养前4天,复合菌系F1和F2的优势物种均为Unclassified Bacillales和Bacillus;第4天之后,不同复合菌系的优势物种及丰度出现差异,F1的优势物种主要属于Bacteroidetes,F2的优势物种主要属于Firmicutes;虽然Petrimonas和Pusillimonas是培养后期的共有优势物种,但是Petrimonas在复合菌系F2中的相对丰度(38.30%)显著高于F1(9.47%),且培养第8天的F2中的Clostridiales OPB54增加至14.85%。【结论】cel48基因拷贝数变化与秸秆纤维素的降解效率、外切纤维素酶活性变化具有一定的相关性,cel48基因可作为潜在的生物分子标记监测秸秆纤维素的降解过程;微生物群落结构对秸秆纤维素的降解效率具有显著影响,Unclassified Bacillales,Bacillus,Petrimonas,Pusillimonas是复合菌系F1和F2降解秸秆纤维素过程中的重要物种。     

绿僵菌在土壤中的延续及控制桃小食心虫的潜力

研究了金龟子绿僵茵（Ｍｅｔａｒｈｉｚｉｕｍａｎｉｓｏｐｌｉａｅ）在土壤中的发育过程、数量消长及控制桃小食心虫的潜力．结果表明,接种６２~８２ｄ后所有处理的ＣＦＵ均降低８０％以上,１２１~２３４ｄ后降低９９％以上．在灭菌和不灭菌土壤中,分生孢子初始接种量的半衰期分别为２８．５ｄ和２３．８ｄ,干菌丝粉分别为２６．９ｄ和１９．６ｄ．在土壤接种后１００ｄ,将桃小食心虫冬茧接入土壤,冬茧被侵染产孢后补偿了带菌量的下降,２７８ｄＣＦＵ比不接冬茧土壤第２７１ｄ的带菌量大１０００倍．在土壤接种后,不同时间接入土壤的冬茧死亡率直到第１３１ｄ还保持在９０％以上,但到第２３７ｄ降至９．３％．未用绿僵菌处理的土壤中接入的桃小食心虫冬茧无死亡发生．小区试验中,在１５、２２．５、３０和３７．５ｋｇ·ｈｍ（－２）分生抱孢制剂剂量下死亡率达９７．０~１００％,而蛀果率仅为２．７~５．０％．在陕北进行了大田试验面积达６７０ｈｍ２,剂量为２２．５ｋｇ·ｈｍ（－２）分生孢子制剂．蛀果率降至２．４％,未处理果园则高达３０％．     

猪链球菌荚膜多糖合成相关基因簇保守区的克隆与分析

【目的】为了解猪链球菌各血清型荚膜多糖合成相关基因保守区的功能与基因进化关系,【方法】在分析已知的猪链球菌1、2、7、9型荚膜多糖合成相关基因簇序列,及其各orf与猪链球菌33个血清型基因组DNA杂交结果的基础上,提出猪链球菌荚膜多糖合成相关基因簇具有与肺炎链球菌相似的盒样结构的假设。并采用PCR、测序和Southern印迹杂交等方法验证这些假设。【结果】结果显示,猪链球菌的荚膜多糖合成相关基因簇确存在与肺炎链球菌相似的盒样结构,5’端的前4个调节相关基因同源性极高,基因簇两端都有保守的侧翼基因,且在3’端的侧翼序列中找到了适于扩增荚膜多糖合成相关基因簇中血清型特异性区域的下游引物所在基因(aroA)。分析发现,各血清型的orfY、orfX、cpsA、cpsB、cpsC、cpsD和aroA的亲缘关系较近。     

PACAP protects neuronal differentiated PC12 cells against the neurotoxicity induced by a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, rotenone

In vivo and in vitro studies have suggested a neuroprotective role for Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) against neuronal insults. Here, we showed that PACAP27 protects against neurotoxicity induced by rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuroprotective effect of PACAP27 was dose-dependent and blocked by its specific receptor antagonist, PACAP6-27. The effects of PACAP27 on rotenone-induced cell death were mimicked by dibutyryl-cAMP (db-cAMP), forskolin and prevented by the PKA inhibitor H89, the ERK inhibitor PD98059 and the p38 inhibitor SB203580. PACAP27 administration blocked rotenone-induced increases in the level of caspase-3-like activity, whereas could not restore mitochondrial activity damaged by rotenone. Thus, our results demonstrate that PACAP27 has a neuroprotective role against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal differentiated PC12 cells and the neuroprotective effects of PACAP are associated with activation of MAP kinase pathways by PKA and with inhibition of caspase-3 activity; the signaling mechanism appears to be mediated through mitochondrial-independent pathways.     

选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂的临床应用进展

5-羟色胺（5-hydroxy tryptamine,5-HT）是中枢及外周神经系统中一种重要的神经递质。5-羟色胺转运体（5-HT transporter,5-HTT）可将5．HT再摄取,降低细胞外5-HT浓度,从而调节神经信号传导。5-HTT异常在某些精神疾病的发病中起重要作用。近年来选择性5．羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,SSRIs）在临床上的应用日趋广泛,如治疗抑郁症、焦虑症、抑郁和焦虑共病等常见的精神疾病。氟西汀、帕罗西汀、舍曲林、氟伏沙明和西酞普兰是目前临床上最常用的五种SSRIs,被誉为抗抑郁药的“五朵金花”。本文详细介绍近年来在临床上药物治疗抑郁症取得的成果以及这类药物的药效学、药动学、不良反应和相互作用等,并简要介绍SSRIs在其它疾病领域取得的应用进展。     

聚乙烯醇生物降解研究进展

聚乙烯醇(PVA)是一种在纺织和化工行业中广泛使用的难降解的高分子聚合物。随着人们对纺织工业清洁生产的关注,如何在退浆工艺中就实现对PVA的生物降解、减少PVA废水的排放,并避免化学退浆过程中高温和氧化造成的棉纤维损伤,是近年来纺织生物技术领域的研究热点。由于PVA降解菌种类不多、培养周期长,PVA降解酶酶活不高、提取不容易等原因,使PVA的生化降解研究还局限在PVA降解菌的筛选、PVA降解酶的酶学性质研究等方面,PVA降解酶还未在纺织工业上得到应用。本文综述了近年来国内外在PVA降解菌筛选、PVA降解酶提取及酶学性质、PVA生化降解机理等方面的研究进展,并讨论了PVA生化降解研究中存在的问题及发展方向。     

湖南产五步蛇蛇毒磷脂酶A_2的热稳定性

本文测定了湖南产五步蛇蛇毒磷脂酶Ａ２在不同温度保温后的酶活性,结果表明此酶具有一定的热稳定性。     

Molecular biologic techniques applied to the microbial prospecting of oil and gas in the Ban 876 gas and oil field in China

Currently, molecular biologic techniques achieve a great development in studies of soil samples. The objective of this research is to improve methods for microbial prospecting of oil and gas by applying culture-independent techniques to soil sampled from above a known oil and gas field. Firstly, the community structure of soil bacteria above the Ban 876 Gas and Oil Field was analyzed based on 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. The soil bacteria communities were consistently different along the depth; however, Chloroflexi and Gemmatimonadetes were predominant and methanotrophs were minor in both bacteria libraries (DGS1 and DGS2). Secondly, the numbers of methane-oxidizing bacteria, quantified using a culture-dependent procedure and culture-independent group-specific real-time PCR (RT-PCR), respectively, were inconsistent with a quantify variance of one or two orders of magnitude. Special emphasis was given to the counting advantages of RT-PCR based on the methanotrophic pmoA gene. Finally, the diversity and distribution of methanotrophic communities in the soil samples were analyzed by constructing clone libraries of functional gene. All 508-bp inserts in clones phylogenetically belonged to the methanotrophic pmoA gene with similarities from 83% to 100%. However, most of the similarities were below 96%. Five clone libraries of methanotrophs clearly showed that the anomalous methanotrophs (Methylosinus and Methylocystis) occupy the studied area.     

一株抗锰土壤芽胞杆菌的分离鉴定与生物学活性分析

从山东崅屿采集的黄棕壤中分离得到一株具有抗Mn(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅱ)氧化双重活性的芽胞杆菌,其最高Mn(Ⅱ)耐受浓度达到130mmol/L,对Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化活性为3.3μmol/(L·d)。通过个体形态与培养特征观测、生理生化反应、G+Cmol%测定和16SrDNA序列比对分析等鉴定,确定该菌株为巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),命名为MB283。该菌株在添加Mn(Ⅱ)(10mmol/L)条件下比不添加Mn(Ⅱ)表现出相对较快的生长速率。采用高温培养并结合0.01%SDS处理,从MB283菌株筛选到一株发生内生质粒消除的突变株MB287,具有与野生菌株类似的锰耐受活性,且对Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化活性与野生菌株相比无明显改变,表明野生菌株MB283中与锰抗性和锰氧化相关的基因可能是定位于该菌的染色体上。