全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11705篇 |
免费 | 1065篇 |
国内免费 | 1164篇 |
专业分类
13934篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 44篇 |
2023年 | 196篇 |
2022年 | 409篇 |
2021年 | 674篇 |
2020年 | 474篇 |
2019年 | 556篇 |
2018年 | 523篇 |
2017年 | 397篇 |
2016年 | 524篇 |
2015年 | 767篇 |
2014年 | 923篇 |
2013年 | 921篇 |
2012年 | 1090篇 |
2011年 | 981篇 |
2010年 | 554篇 |
2009年 | 542篇 |
2008年 | 620篇 |
2007年 | 534篇 |
2006年 | 420篇 |
2005年 | 333篇 |
2004年 | 318篇 |
2003年 | 268篇 |
2002年 | 258篇 |
2001年 | 186篇 |
2000年 | 168篇 |
1999年 | 157篇 |
1998年 | 111篇 |
1997年 | 101篇 |
1996年 | 102篇 |
1995年 | 75篇 |
1994年 | 85篇 |
1993年 | 60篇 |
1992年 | 69篇 |
1991年 | 73篇 |
1990年 | 51篇 |
1989年 | 36篇 |
1988年 | 42篇 |
1987年 | 23篇 |
1986年 | 32篇 |
1985年 | 31篇 |
1984年 | 20篇 |
1983年 | 26篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1980年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 14篇 |
1977年 | 14篇 |
1975年 | 15篇 |
1974年 | 12篇 |
1973年 | 11篇 |
1970年 | 11篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Degradation of proteins mediated by ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) plays important roles in the regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle. In this study, the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of UPP in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation, fertilization, and early embryonic cleavage were studied by drug-treatment, Western blot, antibody microinjection, and confocal microscopy. The meiotic resumption of both cumulus-enclosed oocytes and denuded oocytes was stimulated by two potent, reversible, and cell-permeable proteasome inhibitors, ALLN and MG-132. The metaphase I spindle assembly was prevented, and the distribution of ubiquitin, cyclin B1, and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) was also distorted. When UPP was inhibited, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p90rsk phosphorylation was not affected, but the cyclin B1 degradation that occurs during normal metaphase-anaphase transition was not observed. During oocyte activation, the emission of second polar body (PB2) and the pronuclear formation were inhibited by ALLN or MG-132. In oocytes microinjected with ubiquitin antibodies, PB2 emission and pronuclear formation were also inhibited after in vitro fertilization. The expression of cyclin B1 and the phosphorylation of MAPK/p90rsk could still be detected in ALLN or MG-132-treated oocytes even at 8 h after parthenogenetic activation or insemination, which may account for the inhibition of PB2 emission and pronuclear formation. We also for the first time investigated the subcellular localization of ubiquitin protein at different stages of oocyte and early embryo development. Ubiquitin protein was accumulated in the germinal vesicle (GV), the region between the separating homologous chromosomes, the midbody, the pronuclei, and the region between the separating sister chromatids. In conclusion, our results suggest that the UPP plays important roles in oocyte meiosis resumption, spindle assembly, polar body emission, and pronuclear formation, probably by regulating cyclin B1 degradation and MAPK/p90rsk phosphorylation. 相似文献
42.
通过愈伤组织诱导器官发生途径,建立了水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)的植株再生体系,探讨了不同外植体(种胚、幼叶切块、茎段、根段)和植物生长调节剂对不定芽直接再生和愈伤组织诱导器官发生的影响。结果表明:以种胚、无菌苗叶片、茎段和根作为外植体,在MS补加2,4-D、NAA和6-BA不同组合的培养基上都能诱导得到愈伤组织,其中种胚诱导愈伤组织效果最好,诱导率可达100%,茎诱导效果次之,诱导率为97.1%。诱导愈伤组织效果较好的培养基有:MS+1.0mg·L-12,4-D+0.5mg·L-16-BA、MS+0.1mg·L-16-BA+1.0mg·L-1NAA、MS+0.5mg·L-16-BA+1.0mg·L-1NAA、MS+1.0mg·L-16-BA+1.0mg·L-1NAA、MS+0.5mg·L-16-BA+2.0mg·L-1NAA、MS+1.0mg·L-16-BA+2.0mg·L-1NAA和MS+0.5mg·L-12,4-D+0.5mg·L-1NAA。以愈伤组织在MS培养基上植株再生效果最好,再生率为62.5%。 相似文献
43.
Xun Li Junli Wang Jinpei Li Jifeng Wu Yonggang Li Huawei Zhu Ruifang Fan Wenfang Xu 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2009,17(8):3053-3060
Overexpression of zinc-dependent metalloproteinase, aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13), is considered to be involved in the process of tumor invasion and metastasis. Herein we describe the synthesis and in vitro enzymatic inhibition assay of antineoplaston AS2–5 scaffold peptidomimetic compounds. The results demonstrated that most of these l-iso-glutamine derivatives displayed selective inhibitory activity against APN as compared with MMP-2, with IC50 values in the micromole range. The structure–activity relationships were also briefly discussed. 相似文献
44.
Apple Sucrose Transporter SUT1 and Sorbitol Transporter SOT6 Interact with Cytochrome b5 to Regulate Their Affinity for Substrate Sugars 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ren-Chun Fan Chang-Cao Peng Yan-Hong Xu Xiao-Fang Wang Yan Li Yi Shang Shu-Yuan Du Rui Zhao Xiao-Yan Zhang Ling-Yun Zhang Da-Peng Zhang 《Plant physiology》2009,150(4):1880-1901
Sugar transporters are central machineries to mediate cross-membrane transport of sugars into the cells, and sugar availability may serve as a signal to regulate the sugar transporters. However, the mechanisms of sugar transport regulation by signal sugar availability remain unclear in plant and animal cells. Here, we report that a sucrose transporter, MdSUT1, and a sorbitol transporter, MdSOT6, both localized to plasma membrane, were identified from apple (Malus domestica) fruit. Using a combination of the split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid, immunocoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, the two distinct sugar transporters were shown to interact physically with an apple endoplasmic reticulum-anchored cytochrome b5 MdCYB5 in vitro and in vivo. In the yeast systems, the two different interaction complexes function to up-regulate the affinity of the sugar transporters, allowing cells to adapt to sugar starvation. An Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homolog of MdCYB5, AtCYB5-A, also interacts with the two sugar transporters and functions similarly. The point mutations leucine-73 → proline in MdSUT1 and leucine-117 → proline in MdSOT6, disrupting the bimolecular interactions but without significantly affecting the transporter activities, abolish the stimulating effects of the sugar transporter-cytochrome b5 complex on the affinity of the sugar transporters. However, the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cytochrome b5 ScCYB5, an additional interacting partner of the two plant sugar transporters, has no function in the regulation of the sugar transporters, indicating that the observed biological functions in the yeast systems are specific to plant cytochrome b5s. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which the plant cells tailor sugar uptake to the surrounding sugar availability. 相似文献
45.
46.
47.
用免疫细胞化学和原位杂交技术探讨G、D细胞及胃泌素mRNA与肠化生的关系。标本来自胃镜活检的胃粘膜。结果显示,在与大肠化生区相邻的胃粘膜,G细胞突变消失,假幽门腺化生也缺乏G细胞,而淖肠化生仍保留少数G细胞;D细胞不仅见于小肠化生,而且也出现在假幽门腺化生以及某些大肠化生区。胃泌素mRNA仅限于G细胞分布区,未出现在大肠化生区和假幽门腺化生区,G细胞及胃泌素mRNA在大肠化生区的消失,可能由于局部杯状细胞分泌的硫酸粘蛋白改变了局部的微环境,从而影响了G细胞的分化与发育,至于假幽门腺化生区G细胞及胃泌素mRNA消失的原因还不清楚,应继续研究。 相似文献
48.
从簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur.)组合CA9211/RW15(6D/6V异代换系)幼胚培养SC2后代中,用原位杂交方法鉴定出T240-6为6VS端体异代换系. 以此为材料,采用微细玻璃针切割法及"单管反应"技术体系,对6VS进行切割分离及LA (Linker adaptor)-PCR扩增.扩增带在100~3 000 bp 之间,大部分集中在600~1 500 bp.利用32P标记的簇毛麦基因组为探针进行Southern杂交,证实扩增产物来源于簇毛麦.扩增产物纯化后,连接到pGEM-T载体上,构建了6VS DNA质粒文库.对文库的分析表明,文库大约有17 000个白色克隆;插入片段分布在100~1 500 bp,平均600 bp.点杂交结果表明,37%克隆有中度到强烈的杂交信号,证明含有中度或高度重复序列;63%克隆有较弱的信号或没有信号,证明为单/低拷贝序列克隆.从文库中获得8个簇毛麦特异克隆,对其中两个克隆pHVMK22和 pHVMK134进行了RFLP分析和序列分析,并利用该探针对小麦抗白粉病基因Pm21进行了检测.RFLP 结果表明,两个克隆一个为低拷贝序列克隆(pHVMK22),另一个为高度重复序列克隆,均为簇毛麦专化DNA序列.以pHVMK22为探针对抗、感病小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品系的Southern杂交发现抗病品系有一条2 kb的特征带, 该探针可能作为检测抗病基因Pm21的探针. 相似文献
49.
In order for China to play a bigger, more positive role in the world, it is important for China to have a healthy capital market. This perception motivates us to examine the health of China''s capital market, especially the severity of the overall loss of the listed companies in China and the effects of accounting irregularities on the losses. We show the overall loss of the listed companies was very severe, in particular, crisis-like behavior emerged in the fourth quarter of 2002, 2004, 2005, and 2008. We further observe that loss in the fourth quarter was much greater than the average loss of the first three quarters in the same year. The most straightforward interpretation of this loss pattern is that companies underreported losses in the first three quarters, to boost their stock values in most time of the year. However, in the fourth quarter, accounting balance of the whole year dictated that the reported loss in the fourth quarter had to be much greater than the actual loss. Fortunately, such irregularity has been greatly reduced, thanks to the accounting reforms in China in 2007. 相似文献
50.