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11.
William Henry Willcox 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1916,1(2878):297-300
12.
Glutamate is the main excitatory amino acid, but its presence in the extracellular milieu has deleterious consequences. It
may induce excitotoxicity and also compete with cystine for the use of the cystine–glutamate exchanger, blocking glutathione
neosynthesis and inducing an oxidative stress-induced cell death. Both mechanisms are critical in the brain where up to 20%
of total body oxygen consumption occurs. In normal conditions, the astrocytes ensure that extracellular concentration of glutamate
is kept in the micromolar range, thanks to their coexpression of high-affinity glutamate transporters (EAATs) and glutamine
synthetase (GS). Their protective function is nevertheless sensitive to situations such as oxidative stress or inflammatory
processes. On the other hand, macrophages and microglia do not express EAATs and GS in physiological conditions and are the
principal effector cells of brain inflammation. Since the late 1990s, a number of studies have now shown that both microglia
and macrophages display inducible EAAT and GS expression, but the precise significance of this still remains poorly understood.
Brain macrophages and microglia are sister cells but yet display differences. Both are highly sensitive to their microenvironment
and can perform a variety of functions that may oppose each other. However, in the very particular environment of the healthy
brain, they are maintained in a repressed state. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on brain
macrophages and microglial cells activation, in order to help clarify their role in the regulation of glutamate under pathological
conditions as well as its outcome. 相似文献
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Henry Waldo 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1897,1(1883):302-303
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Steven S. Witkin Henry M. Schumaker 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1977,75(3):568-575
A particulate fraction of adult rat brain (sucrose buoyant density 1.24 gm/ml) catalyzed the incorporation of [3H]dTTP into an acid-insoluble product in an endogenously templated reaction sensitive to ribonuclease pretreatment. Upon fractionation, this activity was identified in the cerebellum, pons, frontal lobes and base. The DNA polymerase present in these brain fractions exhibited a strong preference for the synthetic template dT12–18·poly rA rather than dT12–18·poly dA; dT10 was completely inactive. Purification and equilibrium Cs2SO4 gradient centrifugation of the [3H]DNA product-endogenous template complex suggested that RNA was serving as primer for endogenous DNA synthesis. 相似文献
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