全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3785篇 |
免费 | 269篇 |
专业分类
4054篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 20篇 |
2022年 | 69篇 |
2021年 | 108篇 |
2020年 | 48篇 |
2019年 | 68篇 |
2018年 | 98篇 |
2017年 | 86篇 |
2016年 | 134篇 |
2015年 | 221篇 |
2014年 | 229篇 |
2013年 | 300篇 |
2012年 | 346篇 |
2011年 | 335篇 |
2010年 | 205篇 |
2009年 | 174篇 |
2008年 | 253篇 |
2007年 | 243篇 |
2006年 | 204篇 |
2005年 | 181篇 |
2004年 | 172篇 |
2003年 | 169篇 |
2002年 | 142篇 |
2001年 | 23篇 |
2000年 | 16篇 |
1999年 | 12篇 |
1998年 | 32篇 |
1997年 | 20篇 |
1996年 | 19篇 |
1995年 | 9篇 |
1994年 | 16篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 9篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
1965年 | 2篇 |
1964年 | 2篇 |
1962年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有4054条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Fioretti B Pietrangelo T Catacuzzeno L Franciolini F 《American journal of physiology. Cell physiology》2005,289(1):C89-C96
We report here the expression in C2C12 myoblasts of the intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (IKCa) channel. The IKCa current, recorded under perforated-patch configuration, had a transient time course when activated by ionomycin (0.5 µM; peak current density 26.2 ± 3.7 pA/pF; n = 10), but ionomycin (0.5 µM) + 5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (100 µM) evoked a stable outward current (28.4 ± 8.2 pA/pF; n = 11). The current was fully inhibited by charybdotoxin (200 nM), clotrimazole (2 µM), and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (300 µM), but not by tetraethylammonium (1 mM) or D-tubocurarine (300 µM). Congruent with the IKCa channel, elevation of intracellular Ca2+ in inside-out patches resulted in the activation of a voltage-insensitive K+ channel with weak inward rectification, a unitary conductance of 38 ± 6 pS (at negative voltages), and an IC50 for Ca2+ of 530 nM. The IKCa channel was activated metabotropically by external application of ATP (100 µM), an intracellular Ca2+ mobilizer. Under current-clamp conditions, ATP application resulted in a membrane hyperpolarization of 35 mV. The IKCa current downregulated during myogenesis, ceasing to be detectable 4 days after the myoblasts were placed in differentiating medium. Downregulation was prevented by the myogenic suppressor agent basic FGF (bFGF). We also found that block of the IKCa channel by charybdotoxin did not inhibit bFGF-sustained myoblast proliferation. These observations show that in C2C12 myoblasts the IKCa channel expression correlates inversely with differentiation, yet it does not appear to have a role in myoblast proliferation. ATP; cell proliferation 相似文献
32.
Friedberg I Nika K Tautz L Saito K Cerignoli F Friedberg I Godzik A Mustelin T 《FEBS letters》2007,581(13):2527-2533
A novel human dual-specific protein phosphatase (DSP), designated DUSP27, is here described. The DUSP27 gene contains three exons, rather than the predicted 4-14 exons, and encodes a 220 amino acid protein. DUSP27 is structurally similar to other small DSPs, like VHR and DUSP13. The location of DUSP27 on chromosome 10q22, 50 kb upstream of DUSP13, suggests that these two genes arose by gene duplication. DUSP27 is an active enzyme, and its kinetic parameters and were determined. DUSP27 is a cytosolic enzyme, expressed in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue, suggesting its possible role in energy metabolism. 相似文献
33.
Stefania Mazzini Leonardo Scaglioni Fabio Animati Rosanna Mondelli 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2010,18(4):1497-1506
Among the disaccharide derivatives of the antitumor anthracycline doxorubicin, sabarubicin (Men10755) is more active and less cytotoxic than doxorubicin. It showed a strong in vivo antitumor activity in all preclinical models examined, in conjunction with a better tolerability, and is now in phase II clinical trials.The interaction of sabarubicin and Men10749 (a similar disaccharide with a different configuration at C-4′ of the proximal sugar) with the hexanucleotides d(CGTACG)2 and d(CGATCG)2 was studied by a combined use of 2D-1H and 31P NMR techniques. Both 1H and 31P chemical shifts of imino protons and phosphates allowed to established the intercalation sites between the CG base pairs, as it occurs for other anthracyclines of the series. The dissociation rate constants (koff) of the slow step of the intercalation process were measured for Men10755 and Men10749, by NMR NOE-exchange experiments. The increase of koff , with respect of doxorubicin, showed that the intercalation process is significantly faster for both drugs, leading to an average residence time for sabarubicin into d(CGTACG)2 sixfold shorter than for doxorubicin. This could give account of both higher cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio and lower cellular uptake of sabarubicin in comparison with doxorubicin and accordingly of the lower cytotoxicity of these disaccharide analogues.A relevant number of NOE interactions allowed the structure of the complexes in solution to be derived through restrained MD calculations. NMR-DOSY experiments were performed with several drug/oligonucleotide mixtures in order to determine the structure and the dimension of the aggregates. 相似文献
34.
Ascorbic acid immediately dissolves Euphausia superba chitosan upon mixing and forms chitosan ascorbate; during the 6-h period after dissolution in water at pH 5–7, ascorbate is oxidized to dehydroascorbate which undergoes Schiff reaction with the amino groups of chitosan, thus yielding a viscous solution of a polymeric ketimine. The latter is characterized by infrared spectrometry, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, viscometry and alkalimetry. When brought into contact with transition metal ions, the chitosan ascorbate ketimine yields insoluble metal chelates. Upon reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride, the water-insoluble N-[2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)tetrahydrofuryl] chitosan (NDTC) is obtained, which shows enhanced capacity for uranium, up to 800 mg U/g from solutions at pH 4·5. 相似文献
35.
Kiyoshi Kobayashi Vincent DeQuattro Joseph Bornheimer Rainer Kolloch Lino Miano 《Life sciences》1980,26(21):1821-1826
The concentration of the catecholamines in plasma are regarded by many investigators as biochemical markers of sympathoadrenal activity in man. This study was designed to: 1) assess the relationship of normetanephrine (NMN), the metabolite of norepinephrine (NE) most likely to represent degration of newly synthesized and released “active” norepinephrine, to that of norepinephrine in plasma of normal volunteers and 2) to determine regional variations in plasma normetanephrine concentrations at venous and arterial sites of patients undergoing cardiac catherization. The findings suggest that 1) plasma normetanephrine reflects sympathoadrenal activity and neurotransmitter production at both peripheral neuronal and adrenal medullary sites and 2) there is net removal of normetanephrine by liver and kidney. Plasma normetanephrine should provide assistance in the biochemical assessment of sympathoadrenal tone in man and in patients with various autonomic disorders. 相似文献
36.
Julien Blanco Beatriz Belln Christo Fabricius Fabio de O. Roque Olivier Pays Franois Laurent Herv Fritz Pierre‐Cyril Renaud 《Global Change Biology》2020,26(3):1138-1154
Land‐use changes and the expansion of protected areas (PAs) have amplified the interaction between protected and unprotected areas worldwide. In this context, ‘interface processes' (human–nature and cross‐boundary interactions inside and around PAs) have become central to issues around the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This scientific literature review aimed to explore current knowledge and research gaps on interface processes regarding terrestrial PAs. At first, 3,515 references related to the topic were extracted through a standardized search on the Web of Science and analyzed with scientometric techniques. Next, a full‐text analysis was conducted on a sample of 240 research papers. A keyword analysis revealed a wide diversity of research topics, from ‘pure' ecology to sociopolitical research. We found a bias in the geographical distribution of research, with half the papers focusing on eight countries. Additionally, we found that the spatial extent of cross‐boundary interactions was rarely assessed, preventing any clear delimitation of PA interactive zones. In the 240 research papers we scanned, we identified 403 processes that were studied. The ecological effects of PAs were well documented and appeared to be positive overall. In contrast, the effects of PAs on local communities were understudied and, according to the literature focusing on these, were very variable according to local contexts. Our findings highlight key research advances on interface processes, especially regarding the ecological outcomes of PAs, the influence of human activities on biodiversity, and PA governance issues. In contrast, main knowledge gaps concern the spatial extent of interactive zones, as well as the interactions between local people and conservation actions and how to promote synergies between them. While the review was limited to terrestrial PAs, its findings allow us to propose research priorities for tackling environmental and socioeconomic challenges in the face of a rapidly changing world. 相似文献
37.
Iraldo Fabio Griesshammer Rainer Kahlenborn Walter 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2020,25(5):833-839
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - 相似文献
38.
Umberto Nicosia Fabio Massimo Petti Gianluca Perugini Simone D’Orazi Porchetti Eva Sacchi Maria Alessandra Conti 《Ichnos》2013,20(1-2):69-90
A really unexpected finding of sauropod and theropod footprints in southern Latium raises to four the number of the trampled levels recognized in central and southern Italy. After the recent findings in Latest Jurassic and Early, mid and Late Cretaceous carbonate platform deposits of the Periadriatic region, dinosaur footprints seem to provide very important paleogeographic constraints for reconstructing the geodynamic history of the Mediterranean area. The presence of a varied ichnoassociation makes acceptance of the current paleogeographic models concerning the relative and absolute position of the Laziale-Abruzzese-Campano and of Apulian-Dinaric domains during the Late Cretaceous more and more problematic. Dinosaur footprints, combined with other paleontological data, demonstrate that these areas were never completely pulled apart by deep seaways, while frequent or continuous links between them, and to southern and northern mainlands, probably persisted. These data also allowed us to improve our understanding of the timing of the Mesozoic plate motion in this segment of the Western Tethys. 相似文献
39.
Sergio Neri Santo Signorelli Davide Pulvirenti Barbara Mauceri Danila Cilio Fabio Bordonaro 《Free radical research》2013,47(6):615-618
To assess whether pathogenic endothelial dysfunction is involved in acute idiopathic tinnitus we enrolled 44 patients and 25 healthy volunteers. In blood from the internal jugular vein and brachial vein we determined malonaldehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, mieloperoxidase, glutathione peroxidase, nitric oxide, l-arginine and l-ornitine, thrombomodulin (TM) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity during tinnitus and asymptomatic period.Higher plasma concentrations of oxidative markers and l-arginine, and lower nitric oxide and l-ornitine levels were observed in jugular blood of patients with tinnitus, there being a significant difference between brachial and jugular veins. TM and vWF activity were significantly higher in patients' jugular blood than in brachial blood.Our results suggest oxidant, TM, vWF activity production are increased and nitric oxide production reduced in brain circulation reflux blood of patients with acute tinnitus. These conditions are able to cause a general cerebro-vascular endothelial dysfunction, which in turn induce a dysfunction of microcirculation in the inner ear. 相似文献
40.
Abstract A. Kerner is correctly the author of the name Iris cengialti previously ascribed to Ambrosi, and consequently the type of the species is here selected, as lectotype, among Kerner's original material kept in WU. 相似文献