全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3477篇 |
免费 | 247篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 16篇 |
2022年 | 56篇 |
2021年 | 103篇 |
2020年 | 47篇 |
2019年 | 64篇 |
2018年 | 93篇 |
2017年 | 76篇 |
2016年 | 123篇 |
2015年 | 203篇 |
2014年 | 215篇 |
2013年 | 272篇 |
2012年 | 313篇 |
2011年 | 302篇 |
2010年 | 197篇 |
2009年 | 158篇 |
2008年 | 234篇 |
2007年 | 223篇 |
2006年 | 185篇 |
2005年 | 173篇 |
2004年 | 161篇 |
2003年 | 159篇 |
2002年 | 138篇 |
2001年 | 22篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1999年 | 15篇 |
1998年 | 26篇 |
1997年 | 16篇 |
1996年 | 19篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 9篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1964年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有3724条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
gnes Dalmadi Fabio Miloro Jeannette Blint va Vrallyay Zoltn Havelda 《Nucleic acids research》2021,49(22):12912
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are processed from precursor RNA molecules with precisely defined secondary stem-loop structures. ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) is the main executor component of miRNA pathway and its expression is controlled via the auto-regulatory feedback loop activity of miR168 in plants. Previously we have shown that AGO1 loading of miR168 is strongly restricted leading to abundant cytoplasmic accumulation of AGO-unbound miR168. Here, we report, that intrinsic RNA secondary structure of MIR168a precursor not only defines the processing of miR168, but also precisely adjusts AGO1 loading efficiency determining the biologically active subset of miR168 pool. Our results show, that modification of miRNA duplex structure of MIR168a precursor fragment or expression from artificial precursors can alter the finely adjusted loading efficiency of miR168. In dcl1-9 mutant where, except for miR168, production of most miRNAs is severely reduced this mechanism ensures the elimination of unloaded AGO1 proteins via enhanced AGO1 loading of miR168. Based on this data, we propose a new competitive loading mechanism model for miR168 action: the miR168 surplus functions as a molecular buffer for controlled AGO1 loading continuously adjusting the amount of AGO1 protein in accordance with the changing size of the cellular miRNA pool. 相似文献
992.
The human CD38 gene: polymorphism, CpG island, and linkage to the CD157 (BST-1) gene 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
CD38 is a leukocyte activation antigen and ectoenzyme [NAD(P)+ glycohydrolase; EC 3.2.2.6] involved in numerous immune functions. The human CD38 gene is complex [eight exons, >80 kilobases (kb) long] located on Chromosome 4p15, and part of the eukaryotic NAD+ glycohydrolase/ADP-ribosyl cyclase gene family. Because of the increasing relevance of the CD38 molecule in the host immune
response to infectious, tumoral, and metabolic diseases, we investigated the genetic variability and linkage of the human
CD38 locus. We report that (1) the restriction endonuclease Pvu II identifies a bi-allelic polymorphism here defined as formed by the alleles CD38
*
A (12 kb) and CD38
*
B (9/2.5 kb); (2) their frequency in the healthy Italian Caucasian population is 14% and 86%, respectively; (3) the polymorphic
Pvu II site is located at the 5′ end of the first intron of the CD38 gene; (4) in conjunction with the polymorphic site, we identified a 900 base pair CpG island associated with the CD38 gene, with two potential Sp1 binding sites; (5) the CpG island may play a role in the regulation of CD38 expression and is hypomethylated in various cell lines; (6) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis we show that CD38 and its paralogue, the bone-marrow stromal cell antigen BST-1 (CD157), map to the same 800 kb Avi II fragment, indicating that the two human ecto-NADase genes are closely linked.
Received: 16 December 1998 / Revised: 26 January 1999 相似文献
993.
Annamaria Ranieri Fabio Pieruccetti Alberto Panicucci Antonella Castagna Giacomo Lorenzini Gian Franco Soldatini 《Plant Physiology and Biochemistry》1999,37(12):919
This research investigated the SO2-induced effects on photosynthetic apparatus in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars (cv), Panda and Express. Following a chronic treatment with SO2 (80 ppb, 75 d) neither cv showed any visible signs of injury or chlorosis on leaf surfaces, while a significant reduction in Amax and Gw was detected in both cvs, although to different extents. Thylakoids of SO2-treated plants showed a decrease in the electron transport activity at the whole chain, photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) level in both cvs. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of leaf pigments revealed a significant decrease in both cvs, more pronounced in Panda than in Express. Deriphat-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (Deriphat-PAGE) and two dimensional (2-D) electrophoretic analyses of the pigment-protein complexes did not show differences in SO2-treated samples of either cv. HPLC analysis of the green bands also showed no differences in the pigment content of fumigated samples of either cv, except for a decrease in β-carotene content and xanthophyll cycle pigment (VAZ) content respectively at band 1 (PSI) and band 5 (minor light-harvesting polypeptides of PSII) level in cv Panda, where the de-epoxidation index (DEP) significantly increased, while in Express, an increase in VAZ content and DEP value of band 5 was observed. These results suggest that the decrease in the photosynthetic activity can be ascribed, in addition to stomata closure induced by SO2, to a generalised, rather than specific, pollutant effect on photosynthetic apparatus, which could be interpreted as an adaptation to the adverse environment. 相似文献
994.
Xavier Farr Ruben Molina Fabio Barteri Paul R H J Timmers Peter K Joshi Baldomero Oliva Sandra Acosta Borja Esteve-Altava Arcadi Navarro Gerard Muntan 《Molecular biology and evolution》2021,38(11):4948
The enormous mammal’s lifespan variation is the result of each species’ adaptations to their own biological trade-offs and ecological conditions. Comparative genomics have demonstrated that genomic factors underlying both, species lifespans and longevity of individuals, are in part shared across the tree of life. Here, we compared protein-coding regions across the mammalian phylogeny to detect individual amino acid (AA) changes shared by the most long-lived mammals and genes whose rates of protein evolution correlate with longevity. We discovered a total of 2,737 AA in 2,004 genes that distinguish long- and short-lived mammals, significantly more than expected by chance (P = 0.003). These genes belong to pathways involved in regulating lifespan, such as inflammatory response and hemostasis. Among them, a total 1,157 AA showed a significant association with maximum lifespan in a phylogenetic test. Interestingly, most of the detected AA positions do not vary in extant human populations (81.2%) or have allele frequencies below 1% (99.78%). Consequently, almost none of these putatively important variants could have been detected by genome-wide association studies, suggesting that comparative genomics can be used to complement and enhance interpretation of human genome-wide association studies. Additionally, we identified four more genes whose rate of protein evolution correlated with longevity in mammals. Finally, we show that the human longevity-associated proteins are significantly more stable than the orthologous proteins from short-lived mammals, strongly suggesting that general protein stability is linked to increased lifespan. 相似文献
995.
Valerio Caciagli Franco Cardinali Fabio Bonelli Paolo Lombardi 《Journal of peptide science》1998,4(5):327-334
A preparative method for the preparation of large peptides is described. An advantageous theoretical weight of peptide/weight of starting resin ratio (tPw/Rw) of about 0.3 was successfully experimented. The esterification of the first amino acid was realized with a racemization of less than 1%. The study of the coupling conditions led to the use of a diluted acylating mixture that allowed a 56% consumption of the amino acid derivatives (percentage use of amino acids) introduced in the synthesis. The cost analysis of the synthesis showed that the recovery of the amino acid derivatives was not worthwhile. © 1998 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
996.
Lotfi Rabaoui Lamia Yacoubi Daria Sanna Marco Casu Fabio Scarpa Yu-Jia Lin Kang-Ning Shen Todd R. Clardy Marco Arculeo Mohammad A. Qurban 《Journal of fish biology》2019,95(5):1286-1297
We used the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (coI) gene DNA to barcode 117 endemic Gulf and cosmopolitan Indo–West Pacific fish species belonging to 54 families and 13 orders. Novel DNA barcodes were provided for 18 fish species (Trachinocephalus sp., Nematalosa sp., Herklotsichthys lossei, Upeneus doriae, Trachurus indicus, Apogonichthyoides taeniatus, Verulux cypselurus, Favonigobius sp., Suezichthus gracilis, Sillago sp., Brachirus orientalis, Pegusa sp., Lepidotrigla bispinosa, Lepidotrigla sp., Grammoplites suppositus, Hippichthys sp., Paramonacanthus sp. and Triacanthus sp.). The species delimitation analysis, conducted with Poisson tree processes– Bayesian PTP (PTP–bPTP) and nucleotide-divergence-threshold (NDT) models), found 137 and 119 entities respectively. Overall, NDT method, neighbour-joining species tree and the prior taxonomic assessment provided similar results. Among the 54 families considered, only 10 (Ariommatidae, Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Nemipteridae, Plotosidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Priacanthidae and Rachycentridae) showed the occurrence of molecular diagnostic pure characters. The DNA barcoding database developed during this study will help ichthyologists to identify and resolve the taxonomic ambiguities they may encounter with the fishes occurring in The Gulf and throughout the region. 相似文献
997.
Del Azul creek (Argentina) is a natural water body used for recreational bathing in which heavy metals and pesticides have been detected. The aim of the study is to estimate the probabilistic non-cancer and cancer risks by recreational bathing, applying U.S. Environmental Protection Agency models for aggregated (exposure through accidental oral intake of water and dermal contact) and cumulative risks (combined exposure to groups of substances) for bathers of 5, 10, 15, and 20 years old. Bathing in Del Azul creek does not generate risks at the concentrations and the exposure scenarios considered. Cypermethrin and arsenic and heptachlor were the riskiest non-cancer and cancer substances, respectively. Our study highlights the importance of considering both routes of exposure because of the great significance of the dermal route and because of the variability of population characteristics, as it has been stated in other studies. These considerations are highly significant for Argentina, where the quality of recreational water for other than microbiological causes is frequently evaluated based only on the harmful oral intake and applied to a hypothetical individual representative of the population. 相似文献
998.
Tracie A. Seimon Samuel Ayebare Robert Sekisambu Emmanuel Muhindo Guillain Mitamba Eli Greenbaum Michele Menegon Fabio Pupin Denise McAloose Alyssa Ammazzalorso Danny Meirte Wilbur Lukwago Mathias Behangana Anton Seimon Andrew J. Plumptre 《PloS one》2015,10(12)
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), the cause of chytridiomycosis, is a pathogenic fungus that is found worldwide and is a major contributor to amphibian declines and extinctions. We report results of a comprehensive effort to assess the distribution and threat of Bd in one of the Earth’s most important biodiversity hotspots, the Albertine Rift in central Africa. In herpetological surveys conducted between 2010 and 2014, 1018 skin swabs from 17 amphibian genera in 39 sites across the Albertine Rift were tested for Bd by PCR. Overall, 19.5% of amphibians tested positive from all sites combined. Skin tissue samples from 163 amphibians were examined histologically; of these two had superficial epidermal intracorneal fungal colonization and lesions consistent with the disease chytridiomycosis. One amphibian was found dead during the surveys, and all others encountered appeared healthy. We found no evidence for Bd-induced mortality events, a finding consistent with other studies. To gain a historical perspective about Bd in the Albertine Rift, skin swabs from 232 museum-archived amphibians collected as voucher specimens from 1925–1994 were tested for Bd. Of these, one sample was positive; an Itombwe River frog (Phrynobatrachus asper) collected in 1950 in the Itombwe highlands. This finding represents the earliest record of Bd in the Democratic Republic of Congo. We modeled the distribution of Bd in the Albertine Rift using MaxEnt software, and trained our model for improved predictability. Our model predicts that Bd is currently widespread across the Albertine Rift, with moderate habitat suitability extending into the lowlands. Under climatic modeling scenarios our model predicts that optimal habitat suitability of Bd will decrease causing a major range contraction of the fungus by 2080. Our baseline data and modeling predictions are important for comparative studies, especially if significant changes in amphibian health status or climactic conditions are encountered in the future. 相似文献
999.
We study a class of processes that are akin to the Wright–Fisher model, with transition probabilities weighted in terms of the frequency-dependent fitness of the population types. By considering an approximate weak formulation of the discrete problem, we are able to derive a corresponding continuous weak formulation for the probability density. Therefore, we obtain a family of partial differential equations for the evolution of the probability density, and which will be an approximation of the discrete process in the joint large population, small time-steps and weak selection limit. If the fitness functions are sufficiently regular, we can recast the weak formulation in a more standard formulation, without any boundary conditions, but supplemented by a number of conservation laws. The equations in this family can be purely diffusive, purely hyperbolic or of convection–diffusion type, with frequency dependent convection. The particular outcome will depend on the assumed scalings. The diffusive equations are of the degenerate type; using a duality approach, we also obtain a frequency dependent version of the Kimura equation without any further assumptions. We also show that the convective approximation is related to the replicator dynamics and provide some estimate of how accurate is the convective approximation, with respect to the convective-diffusion approximation. In particular, we show that the mode, but not the expected value, of the probability distribution is modelled by the replicator dynamics. Some numerical simulations that illustrate the results are also presented. 相似文献
1000.
Visually inexperienced chicks exhibit spontaneous preference for biological motion patterns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《PLoS biology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
When only a small number of points of light attached to the torso and limbs of a moving organism are visible, the animation correctly conveys the animal's activity. Here we report that newly hatched chicks, reared and hatched in darkness, at their first exposure to point-light animation sequences, exhibit a spontaneous preference to approach biological motion patterns. Intriguingly, this predisposition is not specific for the motion of a hen, but extends to the pattern of motion of other vertebrates, even to that of a potential predator such as a cat. The predisposition seems to reflect the existence of a mechanism in the brain aimed at orienting the young animal towards objects that move semi-rigidly (as vertebrate animals do), thus facilitating learning, i.e., through imprinting, about their more specific features of motion. 相似文献